新疆玛纳斯河流域是水资源开发力度较大、经济发展水平较高的地区。对玛纳斯河流域13眼监测井组成典型剖面的2010年―2014年监测数据进行趋势性分析得出，整个监测剖面地下水位呈持续下降趋势，上部冲洪积平原单一潜水区地下水位下降速率为0.65～0.83 m/a（平均0.74 m/a）；中部潜水溢出带地下水位下降速率为1.12 m/a；冲积细土平原区上部、下部地下水位下降速率分别为0.59～3.07 m/a（平均1.77 m/a）和0.35～3.98 m/a（平均2.41 m/a）；地下水位年下降速率由上游至下游呈增大趋势。在年内变化上，冲洪积平原单一潜水区埋深变化为“降—升—降”；潜水溢出带及以北区域为“升—降—升”。地下水动态类型除上部冲洪积平原单一潜水区为入渗―径流型外，潜水溢出带至冲积细土平原区均为开采型。区域地下水位持续下降使现状地下水埋深（5.89～67.46 m）远大于6.0 m荒漠化临界埋深，生态环境面临恶化。通过对石河子市、玛纳斯县水资源利用分析得出，地下水位持续下降的因素是地下水超采、区域水资源高效利用使地下水补给量减小双重作用下形成的。提出必须科学规划用水，缩减灌溉面积和地下水开采量，开展生态补偿机制，使流域经济社会可持续发展。

Manas River Basin of Xinjiang is a region with great efforts to develop water resources and a higher level of economic development. Based on the trend analysis of the monitoring data of typical profile composed of 13 monitoring wells from 2010 to 2014 in Manas River Basin, the conclusion that groundwater level of the whole profile showed continual declination is draw. The decreasing rate of groundwater level of single unconfined groundwater area in upper alluvial plain was 0.65～0.83 m/a(with an average of 0.74 m/a); the decreasing rate of groundwater level of overflow zone in middle was 1.12 m/a; the decreasing rate of groundwater level in upper part and lower part of alluvial fine soil plain area were 0.59～3.07 m/a(with an average of 1.77 m/a) and 0.35～3.98 m/a respectively(with an average of 2.41 m/a). Annual decreasing rate of groundwater level from upstream and downstream showed an increasing trend. In terms of the annual variance of groundwater level, the change type of groundwater depth in alluvial plain was down-up-down; the type in overflow zone and north area was up-down-up. Groundwater dynamic type of single unconfined groundwater area in upper alluvial plain is infiltration-runoff type, groundwater dynamic type from overflow zone to alluvial fine soil plain area is exploitation type. Because the regional groundwater level continued to decline, present situation groundwater depth(5.89～67.46 m) is much higher than critical depth of desertification(6.0 m), ecological environment is facing deterioration. Based on the analysis of water resources utilization in Shihezi City and Manas County, the factors of groundwater level falling are groundwater overexploitation and the effective utilization of regional water resources which reduced the groundwater recharge. Finally, it is proposed that water resources must be scientifically planned to reduce the area of irrigation and groundwater exploitation, and to carry out the mechanism of ecological compensation to make the economic and social sustainable development in the basin.

国家自然科学基金新疆联合基金重点支持项目“干旱内陆盆地地下水流系统模式与地下水补给排泄研究”（U14032）