Comprehensive evaluation model of regional groundwater quality based on PSO-ELM

With great and practical significance to green agricultural development and clean production,accurate evaluation of groundwater environmental quality may reduce the risk,caused by water quality uncertainty,in decisionmaking for agricultural water management.As ELM may randomly generate the connection weight and hidden layer threshold of input layer and hidden layer,resulting in decrease in network generalization ability and evaluation distortion caused by over-fitting,a comprehensive evaluation model of groundwater quality is developed based on PSO-ELM.In the case study area,Jiansanjiang in Heilongjiang Province,by field sampling of groundwater in the typical irrigation wells,the PSO-ELM model is applied for comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality.The results show that the PSO-ELM model presents higher goodness of fit than the traditional ELM model and RBF model,thus improving the simulation evaluation of regional groundwater quality.Covering 15 farms,Jansanjiang area has good groundwater quality in general.The groundwater quality grades in the study area are characterized by concentrated areal distribution,as observing the farms with poorer groundwater quality located in the middle-east part and those with better groundwater quality located in the east and west parts.The pattern of regional distribution of groundwater quality in Jiansanjiang area is mainly related to fertilizer application.While ensuring food and water securities,managing fertilizer application should be considered and new measures adopted for high crop yield.

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