HSC topography-driven runoff generation model′s applicability in a semi-arid watershed in western Liaoning Province
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Abstract:
In arid and semi-arid regions,water scarcity poses prominent constraints to socio-economic development and threatens nature ecosystem conservation.Hydrological models represent integrated and systematic knowledge of catchment hydrology,which is essential to forecast floods and droughts,and decisions-makings on water resources management.However,the model performance in arid and semi-arid regions is far from satisfactory and the runoff generation mechanism is much more complex due to heterogeneous landscapes and complex hydrometeorological processes in humid regions.The topographic-driven HSC (HAND-based storage capacity curve) runoff generation model using the topographic information to derive the non-linear relationship between the relative soil moisture and the extent of saturated areas in catchment scale.Compared with HBV and TOPMODEL,HSC model performed better in hundreds of catchments in the United States,especially in the semi-arid catchment with gentle slopes,less forest coverage.However,the model performance in China′s arid and semiarid hilly catchments is still unknown. The HSC topography-driven runoff generation model uses the topographic index HAND (height above the nearest drainage) to establish the HAND-based storage capacity curve,which allows to estimate the spatial distribution of storage capacity without parameter calibration.Besides,through the mass curve technique (MCT) method,the parameter of root zone storage capacity (Sumax) can be derived from climate data.Coupling HSC with MCT,the HSC-MCT runoff generation model is established which does not require parameter calibration.To test HSC′s performance,three benchmark models:the HBV′s beta function,the Xin′anjiang model′s water storage capacity curve,and the infiltration excess model which is based on rainfall threshold were used for comparison.The Yebaishou watershed,a typical semiarid hilly region in Liaoning Province of China,was used as a study site.The Kling-Gupta efficiency (IKGE),the root mean square error (ERMS),and the coefficient of determination (R2) was used to evaluate model performance.The hydrological and meteorological data of the Yebaishou watershed from 1961 to 1970 was used to calibrate the extra free parameters,including routing module and three benchmark runoff generation modules,by the MOSCEMUA (multi-objective parameter optimization algorithm),and period from 1971 to 1980 was used for validation. Five models could reproduce the timing of the main peak flows very well.The HSC-MCT performed well in both calibration and validation for simulating the volume of peak flow,but the other four models overestimated peak flows.However,for the maximum peak flood simulation in 1962,the HSC-MCT and the infiltration excess model underestimated the peak flood,but the HSC,HBV,and Xin′anjiang could reproduce this event well.In terms of evaluation metrics,such as IKGE,ERMS,and R2,it was found that despite the other four models were of good results during calibration,the simulation results in validation significantly deteriorated.The calibrated parameters of these models were far beyond their range of physical reality,for example,the parameter of maximum interception capacity (Simax),and the parameter of root zone storage capacity (Sumax).The HSC-MCT model had the best performance in validation,and maintain robustness thoroughly. The extreme peak flow had a strong influence on model performance and parameter calibration.But the HSC-MCT model allows us to derive the root zone storage capacity (Sumax) by climate data and its spatial pattern by topography information,thus free of parameter calibration,and avoid parameter overfitting.In summary,the robustness and stability of HSC-MCT model to simulate hydrological processes is satisfactory in this semi-arid Yebaishou watershed.
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