Surge characteristics and influence factors of wave height of landslide near the dam in a narrow deep valley
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Abstract:
A model experiment is one of the most effective and important ways to study landslide surge in a reservoir. A large-scale model can usually help obtain more reliable results. Therefore, to investigate the characteristics of a surge in front of a dam and its contributing factors, especially when the whole volume of unstable landsides is relatively large, a physical model with a scale as large as 1:100 was built up to simulate the topography of the reservoir in a narrow deep valley. Furthermore, the generation and the propagation of the landslide surge in the reservoir and near the dam were studied by utilizing the rigid sliding blocks. It is found that the shoulders of the dam have the most probable risks of overtopping. The height of the initial surge wave and that of the maximal wave were investigated. The influences of different volume of the sliding blocks, as well as the entry velocity on the heights of the surge wave were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, a formula to predict the surge wave height on the shoulders of the dam is proposed by nonlinear regression based on dimensional analysis. It is shown from the experimental results that although the trend of surge wave heights in front of different gauging points is similar, the maximal wave heights usually occurred near the right shoulder of the dam, so it possesses more risks of overtopping. In addition, the influence of the volume of the sliding blocks on the wave heights is larger than that of the entry velocity. The initial wave height is more sensitive to the volume and entry velocity of the blocks than the maximal one. The mean sensitivity to the volume of the blocks on the initial and maximal wave height at the right shoulder of the dam is 0.858 and 0.358, respectively, while the mean sensitivity to the entry velocity is 0.217 and 0.115, respectively. The difference between the predicted results from the fitting formula and the experimental data for the initial wave height is less than 3%, indicating that the fitting formulae for the initial height have great accuracy and consistency. On the other hand, the maximal surge wave height has larger randomness, with the difference between the predicted results and the experimental data being less than 15%.
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