Runoff is one of the most important water resources in the watershed and is critical to the natural ecosystem. The Han River basin, as an important representative basin of the national "Yangtze River Economic Belt", is one of the water sources of China's South-to-North Water Transfers Project in the upper reaches, and the middle and lower reaches of the Han River are also the main industrial and agricultural production concentration areas in China. Water resources, which constitute one of the demand conditions for industry and agriculture in the region and one of the major constraints on the scale of socio-economic development, are extremely important for regional economic development. Therefore, the impact of vegetation changes on runoff changes under the influence of human activities is conducive to the sustainable development of the Yangtze River basin economy and the protection of the ecological environment to provide a scientific reference basis for research. Based on the meteorological and hydrological data and normalized difference vegetation index (INDV) data of the Han River basin, the impact degree of different factors on the vegetation change of the Han River basin were quantitatively computed using multiple linear regression analysis method, then the impact degree of vegetation variation on discharge change was quantitatively calculated by an adjusted Budyko equation and elastic coefficient method. The Pettitt mutation test identified the mutation year for runoff in the Han River basin in 1991. The amount of runoff change due to each type of driver was calculated separately by the values of annual mean P,ET0,INDV and coefficient ω in the base and change periods, using the elasticity coefficients obtained. Comparing the baseline and mutation periods, it was found that the mean annual reference evapotranspiration in the mutation period increased by 53.59 mm, runoff depth decreased by 119.80 mm, precipitation decreased by 76.31 mm, the subsurface parameter increased by 0.27, and the INDV increased by 0.03 compared to the baseline period. It shows that the subsurface of the Han River basin has been affected by human activities and has undergone significant changes. The annual mean INDV in the Han River basin showed a significant fluctuating growth trend from 1982 to 2015 (p<0.01). The spatial heterogeneity was relatively obvious, and the areas with significant vegetation growth were mainly dominated by the middle and lower reaches. Among them, climatic conditions and anthropogenic factors contributed positively to the increase of INDV, with contribution rates of 99.56% and 0.44%, respectively, but the spatial and temporal distributions of the contribution rates of the two influencing factors were significantly different. In contrast, there is a strong correlation between the subsurface parameter ω and INDV in the Han River basin, indicating that the flow production performance of the basin is highly sensitive to vegetation changes. The contribution rates of vegetation changes caused by climate factors and vegetation changes caused by human factors to runoff were 62.44% and 0.28%, respectively, indicating that vegetation growth caused by climate factors wae one of the important factors leading to the reduction of water resources in the Han River. Therefore, great importance should be attached to the problem of vegetation growth leading to the reduction of water resources in Han River basin.