Volume 0,Issue 2,2013 Table of Contents
1 Application of Generalized Pattern Search Algorithm in Parameter Optimization of Hydrological Models
2013(2):1-4.
Abstract:
Parameter optimization plays a key role in the research of hydrological model. The model performance is closely related to the determination of parameters. In this paper, the Generalized Pattern Search (GPS) algorithm was analyzed, and then its application in the parameter optimization of SIMHYD model was assessed based on the observed hydrological and meteorological data in two catchments, including one located in China with an area of 2000 km2 and the other one located in Australia with an area of 760 km2. The results indicated that (1) the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients are higher than 0.7 and the absolute Water Balance Errors (WBE) are lower than 6% for the catchment (Ⅰ) in both model calibration and validation, and the RMSEs are 2.24 mm/d and 2.21 mm/d in model calibration and validation, respectively; and (2) for the catchment (Ⅱ), NSEs are also higher than 0.7 and the absolute WBEs are less than 5% in both model calibration and validation, and the RMSEs are 0.11mm/d and 0.13mm/d in model calibration and validation, respectively. The GPS algorithm has a global convergence and stability and high computational efficiency and accuracy, therefore it is suitable for parameter optimization of the conceptual hydrological models.
Parameter optimization plays a key role in the research of hydrological model. The model performance is closely related to the determination of parameters. In this paper, the Generalized Pattern Search (GPS) algorithm was analyzed, and then its application in the parameter optimization of SIMHYD model was assessed based on the observed hydrological and meteorological data in two catchments, including one located in China with an area of 2000 km2 and the other one located in Australia with an area of 760 km2. The results indicated that (1) the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients are higher than 0.7 and the absolute Water Balance Errors (WBE) are lower than 6% for the catchment (Ⅰ) in both model calibration and validation, and the RMSEs are 2.24 mm/d and 2.21 mm/d in model calibration and validation, respectively; and (2) for the catchment (Ⅱ), NSEs are also higher than 0.7 and the absolute WBEs are less than 5% in both model calibration and validation, and the RMSEs are 0.11mm/d and 0.13mm/d in model calibration and validation, respectively. The GPS algorithm has a global convergence and stability and high computational efficiency and accuracy, therefore it is suitable for parameter optimization of the conceptual hydrological models.
2013(2):5-9.
Abstract:
Water resources are an important factor for the sustainable development of society and economy, and their security receives more and more attention. In this paper, the variable fuzzy recognition method is applied to assess the water resources security in the water source protection area of Songhua dam, and the binary comparison method is adopted to determine the weights of evaluation indexes. The results show that the water resources in the water source protection area of Songhua dam is in safe condition, which is consistent with the results determined by other methods such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Set Pair Analysis. It is suggested that the variable fuzzy recognition method can be effectively used in the multi-index comprehensive evaluation of water resources security.
Water resources are an important factor for the sustainable development of society and economy, and their security receives more and more attention. In this paper, the variable fuzzy recognition method is applied to assess the water resources security in the water source protection area of Songhua dam, and the binary comparison method is adopted to determine the weights of evaluation indexes. The results show that the water resources in the water source protection area of Songhua dam is in safe condition, which is consistent with the results determined by other methods such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Set Pair Analysis. It is suggested that the variable fuzzy recognition method can be effectively used in the multi-index comprehensive evaluation of water resources security.
2013(2):10-13.
Abstract:
Due to that the wetness-dryness encountering situations in the Hongze and Luoma lakes are not synchronous, and the delivery capacity for the joint channel of two lakes meets the demand of joint regulation of water resources, a LP - DDR (linear programming - dynamic decision revision) mathematical model was developed to study the joint optimal regulation of water resources in the two lakes on the planning level years. The results showed that the joint regulation of the two lakes can realize the reasonable utilization of water resources in the Huaiyi water system, which has important significance on alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand of water resources and improving the ability to cope with drought disaster in the two lakes.
Due to that the wetness-dryness encountering situations in the Hongze and Luoma lakes are not synchronous, and the delivery capacity for the joint channel of two lakes meets the demand of joint regulation of water resources, a LP - DDR (linear programming - dynamic decision revision) mathematical model was developed to study the joint optimal regulation of water resources in the two lakes on the planning level years. The results showed that the joint regulation of the two lakes can realize the reasonable utilization of water resources in the Huaiyi water system, which has important significance on alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand of water resources and improving the ability to cope with drought disaster in the two lakes.
2013(2):14-17.
Abstract:
In order to analyze the transmission function of the rational formula on the substituting data error, the principles and methods of error analysis in numerical analysis were applied to derive the condition numbers of the confluence parameter, river longitudinal slope, loss parameter, and rainstorm parameter when the IWHR? rational formula was used to calculate the design peak flow of small watershed. The magnitudes of these condition numbers can characterize the intensity of transmission function of the rational formula on the data error in computing the design peak flow. In this paper, three practical examples were introduced to obtain the variation curves of each condition number with the disturbance of substituting data. The results showed that: 1) the accuracies of rainstorm parameter n and confluence parameter m have large effects on the accuracy of the results of peak flow; and 2) the accuracies of loss parameter μ and river longitudinal slope I have low impacts on the accuracy of the results of peak flow.
In order to analyze the transmission function of the rational formula on the substituting data error, the principles and methods of error analysis in numerical analysis were applied to derive the condition numbers of the confluence parameter, river longitudinal slope, loss parameter, and rainstorm parameter when the IWHR? rational formula was used to calculate the design peak flow of small watershed. The magnitudes of these condition numbers can characterize the intensity of transmission function of the rational formula on the data error in computing the design peak flow. In this paper, three practical examples were introduced to obtain the variation curves of each condition number with the disturbance of substituting data. The results showed that: 1) the accuracies of rainstorm parameter n and confluence parameter m have large effects on the accuracy of the results of peak flow; and 2) the accuracies of loss parameter μ and river longitudinal slope I have low impacts on the accuracy of the results of peak flow.
2013(2):18-23.
Abstract:
Water footprint is a concept to identify the actual human water requirements. Based on the study of water footprint, the breakthrough point to adjust the water resources consumption mode is found through the reduction of water footprint and the corresponding measures can be adopted to reduce human water requirements. According to the above theory, several water resources management measures are presented based on the reduction of water footprint. First, the efficiency of industrial water use is improved, the industrial structure and consumption pattern are adjusted, the virtual water trade is developed, and all of these can directly reduce the regional footprint water. Secondly, the improvement of effective utilization rate of irrigation water and utilization rate of green water could reduce the agricultural water footprint. Finally, the enhanced utilization of non-conventional water resources, especially the recycled water, seawater, and rainwater, can improve the reuse of water resources and then indirectly reduce the water footprint. This paper also proposes the suggestions of water resources measures to use the water footprint theory at the river basin scale and then to integrate the water resources and ecosystems.
Water footprint is a concept to identify the actual human water requirements. Based on the study of water footprint, the breakthrough point to adjust the water resources consumption mode is found through the reduction of water footprint and the corresponding measures can be adopted to reduce human water requirements. According to the above theory, several water resources management measures are presented based on the reduction of water footprint. First, the efficiency of industrial water use is improved, the industrial structure and consumption pattern are adjusted, the virtual water trade is developed, and all of these can directly reduce the regional footprint water. Secondly, the improvement of effective utilization rate of irrigation water and utilization rate of green water could reduce the agricultural water footprint. Finally, the enhanced utilization of non-conventional water resources, especially the recycled water, seawater, and rainwater, can improve the reuse of water resources and then indirectly reduce the water footprint. This paper also proposes the suggestions of water resources measures to use the water footprint theory at the river basin scale and then to integrate the water resources and ecosystems.
2013(2):24-27.
Abstract:
Lizhou hydropower station is an important cascade hydropower station located in the Muli River. The project adopts a roller compacted concrete (RCC) arch dam, and the maximum height of the dam is 132 m. The geological conditions in the dam area are very complex, therefore, the overload method of three-dimensional geo-mechanical model test was used to characterize the effects of the complex geological structures such as the faults, interbedded shear zone, large fissure, and fissure zone on the overall stability of dam and foundation. The optical fiber grating sensor was placed at the dam top and upstream dam surface to monitor the deformation of the dam under the overloading process, which can be used to analyze cracking destruction process of the arch dam. Through experimental study, the distribution characteristics of displacement of the dam abutment were identified, the overloading safety factors of dam and foundation were determined, and the failure modes of dam abutment were obtained. The results could provide scientific basis for Eengineering design and construction.
Lizhou hydropower station is an important cascade hydropower station located in the Muli River. The project adopts a roller compacted concrete (RCC) arch dam, and the maximum height of the dam is 132 m. The geological conditions in the dam area are very complex, therefore, the overload method of three-dimensional geo-mechanical model test was used to characterize the effects of the complex geological structures such as the faults, interbedded shear zone, large fissure, and fissure zone on the overall stability of dam and foundation. The optical fiber grating sensor was placed at the dam top and upstream dam surface to monitor the deformation of the dam under the overloading process, which can be used to analyze cracking destruction process of the arch dam. Through experimental study, the distribution characteristics of displacement of the dam abutment were identified, the overloading safety factors of dam and foundation were determined, and the failure modes of dam abutment were obtained. The results could provide scientific basis for Eengineering design and construction.
2013(2):28-30.
Abstract:
Air entrainment and cavitation alleviation can relieve the cavitation damage of the high-speed discharge structure. Use of the sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop aerator device can form both bottom cavity and lateral cavity, which can protect the bottom plate and side wall and therefore play an important role in the air entrainment and cavitation alleviation. Hydraulic model tests were performed on a sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop aerator with different sudden expansion widths, down ridge heights, downstream slopes, and flow conditions under the condition of pressure flow. The impacts of sudden expansion width, down ridge height, and downstream slope on cavity length were initially identified. The results indicated that under the condition of pressure flow, the bottom cavity length has a positive correlation with the sudden expansion width and down ridge height but a negative correlation with the downstream slope; while the lateral cavity length has a positive correlation with the sudden expansion width but a negative correlation with the down ridge height and downstream slope. Finally, the relationship between the relative lateral cavity length and comprehensive hydraulic parameter X was determined under the condition of pressure flow, and an empirical equation to calculate the lateral cavity length was derived when
Air entrainment and cavitation alleviation can relieve the cavitation damage of the high-speed discharge structure. Use of the sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop aerator device can form both bottom cavity and lateral cavity, which can protect the bottom plate and side wall and therefore play an important role in the air entrainment and cavitation alleviation. Hydraulic model tests were performed on a sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop aerator with different sudden expansion widths, down ridge heights, downstream slopes, and flow conditions under the condition of pressure flow. The impacts of sudden expansion width, down ridge height, and downstream slope on cavity length were initially identified. The results indicated that under the condition of pressure flow, the bottom cavity length has a positive correlation with the sudden expansion width and down ridge height but a negative correlation with the downstream slope; while the lateral cavity length has a positive correlation with the sudden expansion width but a negative correlation with the down ridge height and downstream slope. Finally, the relationship between the relative lateral cavity length and comprehensive hydraulic parameter X was determined under the condition of pressure flow, and an empirical equation to calculate the lateral cavity length was derived when
2013(2):31-33.
Abstract:
Particle breakage is the basic property of coarse-grained soils.With the continuous construction of high earth-rock dams, the characteristics of particle breakage of coarse-grained soils under high stress are one of the important aspects for the particle breakage study. The large-scale direct shear tests were performed on the coarse-grained soils with different particle sizes to investigate the characteristics of particle breakage of coarse-grained soils under high normal stress, and the relationship between the shear stress and shear displacement at the interface was also analyzed. The results suggested that (1) with the increasing of normal stress, the particle breakage rate increases; (2) under the same normal stress, the particle breakage rate is higher when the particle size is higher; (3) the better the grading is, the lower the breakage rate is; and (4) the particle breakage mainly forms the sub-first grade particle size.
Particle breakage is the basic property of coarse-grained soils.With the continuous construction of high earth-rock dams, the characteristics of particle breakage of coarse-grained soils under high stress are one of the important aspects for the particle breakage study. The large-scale direct shear tests were performed on the coarse-grained soils with different particle sizes to investigate the characteristics of particle breakage of coarse-grained soils under high normal stress, and the relationship between the shear stress and shear displacement at the interface was also analyzed. The results suggested that (1) with the increasing of normal stress, the particle breakage rate increases; (2) under the same normal stress, the particle breakage rate is higher when the particle size is higher; (3) the better the grading is, the lower the breakage rate is; and (4) the particle breakage mainly forms the sub-first grade particle size.
2013(2):34-36.
Abstract:
Hydraulic jump energy dissipation is often used in the water conservancy projects, and a lot of research has been conducted on the hydraulic jump by many domestic and foreign scholars. For the engineering practice, the characteristic values of hydraulic jump measured in the stilling pool of the sluicing steep slope differ significantly with those obtained from the standard method formula. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed to characterize the hydraulic jump in the stilling pool of the steep slope under different slopes, and the relationship between the length of hydraulic jump and the slope of stilling pool is analyzed based on the numerical simulations and indoor model tests. The lengths of hydraulic jump determined by the numerical simulations are compared with those obtained from the empirical formula and model tests. The results show that the relative errors of hydraulic jump are small between the numerical simulation results and measured values, while the relative errors are large between the numerical simulation results and calculated values from empirical formula. In the practical engineering design, the method of numerical simulation can be used in the preliminary design of stilling pool length.
Hydraulic jump energy dissipation is often used in the water conservancy projects, and a lot of research has been conducted on the hydraulic jump by many domestic and foreign scholars. For the engineering practice, the characteristic values of hydraulic jump measured in the stilling pool of the sluicing steep slope differ significantly with those obtained from the standard method formula. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed to characterize the hydraulic jump in the stilling pool of the steep slope under different slopes, and the relationship between the length of hydraulic jump and the slope of stilling pool is analyzed based on the numerical simulations and indoor model tests. The lengths of hydraulic jump determined by the numerical simulations are compared with those obtained from the empirical formula and model tests. The results show that the relative errors of hydraulic jump are small between the numerical simulation results and measured values, while the relative errors are large between the numerical simulation results and calculated values from empirical formula. In the practical engineering design, the method of numerical simulation can be used in the preliminary design of stilling pool length.
2013(2):37-40.
Abstract:
The hydraulic model tests were performed to analyze and compare the flow patterns, bottom velocities, and fluctuating pressures in the flaring pier-falling still plunge pool and general falling-still plunge pool. The results showed that the new type of the energy dissipation can improve the flow pattern in the falling-still plunge pool, decrease the bottom velocity and the fluctuating pressure in the plunge pool, lower the length of plunge pool, alleviate the washout of downstream riverbed, and utilize the good energy dissipation rate of flaring pier to overcome the impact questions of jet flow of the flaring pier to the bottom surface of plunge pool. The new energy dissipation type can provide references for similar projects and enrich the types of flood discharge and energy dissipation.
The hydraulic model tests were performed to analyze and compare the flow patterns, bottom velocities, and fluctuating pressures in the flaring pier-falling still plunge pool and general falling-still plunge pool. The results showed that the new type of the energy dissipation can improve the flow pattern in the falling-still plunge pool, decrease the bottom velocity and the fluctuating pressure in the plunge pool, lower the length of plunge pool, alleviate the washout of downstream riverbed, and utilize the good energy dissipation rate of flaring pier to overcome the impact questions of jet flow of the flaring pier to the bottom surface of plunge pool. The new energy dissipation type can provide references for similar projects and enrich the types of flood discharge and energy dissipation.
2013(2):41-44.
Abstract:
Taking an actual district metering area (DMA) as an example case study, and based on the data from the supervisory control and data acquisition, the characteristics of flow discharge at the inlet of DMA’s inlet flow are analyzed by using the trend chart and grey correlation analysis. Moreover, 4 grey models of minimum night flow(MNF) are built developed based on the grey theory, which suggests and it is concluded that the grey DGM(1,1) model is supposed to be the best model for predicting DMA’s MNF by comparativelywhen comparing the accuracies analyzing the of modeling and forecasting accuracy of those modelsmodel and prediction results. The grey DGM(1,1) metabolic model is ahas good dynamic prediction model accuracy. The threshold of the DMA’s MNF is obtained by using the application of the grey DGM(1,1) metabolic model for interval predication, which plays has an early warning effect for assessing the leakage condition of DMA.
Taking an actual district metering area (DMA) as an example case study, and based on the data from the supervisory control and data acquisition, the characteristics of flow discharge at the inlet of DMA’s inlet flow are analyzed by using the trend chart and grey correlation analysis. Moreover, 4 grey models of minimum night flow(MNF) are built developed based on the grey theory, which suggests and it is concluded that the grey DGM(1,1) model is supposed to be the best model for predicting DMA’s MNF by comparativelywhen comparing the accuracies analyzing the of modeling and forecasting accuracy of those modelsmodel and prediction results. The grey DGM(1,1) metabolic model is ahas good dynamic prediction model accuracy. The threshold of the DMA’s MNF is obtained by using the application of the grey DGM(1,1) metabolic model for interval predication, which plays has an early warning effect for assessing the leakage condition of DMA.
2013(2):45-48.
Abstract:
This paper derived the parameter design formulas for the first-grade guide vane, the first-grade runner, the second-grade guide vane, and the second-grade runner of a new type of double-stage tubular turbine. The commercial software Fluent was used to analyze the numerical performance of the turbine under design conditions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation was applied as the control equation in numerical calculation, and the k-ε model was selected as the turbulence model. The streamline diagram of the turbine, the pressure distribution patterns on the pressure surface and suction surface of the guide blade and runner vane, and the velocity vector map of the central symmetric surface at x=0.0835 were obtained, which can demonstrate the accuracy of turbine design.
This paper derived the parameter design formulas for the first-grade guide vane, the first-grade runner, the second-grade guide vane, and the second-grade runner of a new type of double-stage tubular turbine. The commercial software Fluent was used to analyze the numerical performance of the turbine under design conditions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation was applied as the control equation in numerical calculation, and the k-ε model was selected as the turbulence model. The streamline diagram of the turbine, the pressure distribution patterns on the pressure surface and suction surface of the guide blade and runner vane, and the velocity vector map of the central symmetric surface at x=0.0835 were obtained, which can demonstrate the accuracy of turbine design.
2013(2):49-51.
Abstract:
A major geological disaster of landslide happened in Dongxiang County of Gansu Province on March 2nd, 2011, which threatened the safety of two thirds of the total population. The landslide survey was performed to analyze the development characteristics of landslide. The moisture absorption of soil-water characteristic curve test was conducted on the unsaturated loess, and the seepage field of landslide caused by the pipeline leakage was simulated based on the saturated and unsaturated theory. The variation of seepage field of loess landslide caused by the pipeline leakage was analyzed. Finally, the original slope stability was compared with and the slope stability caused by the pipeline leakage, which confirmed that the pipeline leakage induces loess landslide.
A major geological disaster of landslide happened in Dongxiang County of Gansu Province on March 2nd, 2011, which threatened the safety of two thirds of the total population. The landslide survey was performed to analyze the development characteristics of landslide. The moisture absorption of soil-water characteristic curve test was conducted on the unsaturated loess, and the seepage field of landslide caused by the pipeline leakage was simulated based on the saturated and unsaturated theory. The variation of seepage field of loess landslide caused by the pipeline leakage was analyzed. Finally, the original slope stability was compared with and the slope stability caused by the pipeline leakage, which confirmed that the pipeline leakage induces loess landslide.
2013(2):52-57.
Abstract:
Fluoride content in groundwater generally exceeds the standard in the southwest of Daxing district in Beijing, which seriously restricts the regional water supply. In this paper, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and range of high-fluoride groundwater were analyzed based on the sampling and chemical analysis of groundwater in the study area. The genesis of high-fluoride groundwater was analyzed according to regional hydrogeological , topographical, geological structures, hydrogeological, lithological, and water chemical characteristics, which suggested that shallow high-fluoride groundwater was due to evaporation preconcentration, and the fluoride content in deep groundwater was from fluoride-rich dolomite of basement rocks. This output is of great significance to the design and construction of regional water supply wells and the safety control of regional water supply.
Fluoride content in groundwater generally exceeds the standard in the southwest of Daxing district in Beijing, which seriously restricts the regional water supply. In this paper, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and range of high-fluoride groundwater were analyzed based on the sampling and chemical analysis of groundwater in the study area. The genesis of high-fluoride groundwater was analyzed according to regional hydrogeological , topographical, geological structures, hydrogeological, lithological, and water chemical characteristics, which suggested that shallow high-fluoride groundwater was due to evaporation preconcentration, and the fluoride content in deep groundwater was from fluoride-rich dolomite of basement rocks. This output is of great significance to the design and construction of regional water supply wells and the safety control of regional water supply.
2013(2):58-61.
Abstract:
Prediction of mine water inflow is important for the protection of mine safety. There are several methods for prediction of mine water inflow, including the big well method，mathematical statistics method, artificial neural network method, hydrogeological analogy method, water balance method, correlation analysis method, and drawdown curve method of mine water inflow. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. According to the hydrogeological conditions of the Lvtang coal mine in Guizhou province, the big well method and water balance method were selected to predict the mine water inflow. At the same time, the parameters which can affect the prediction results of mine water inflow were analyzed to ensure the accuracy of prediction results. The results showed that the general water inflow of the coal-bearing stratum in the Lvtang coal mine is 210 L/s, while the maximum water inflow can reach 410 L/s. At the same time, the parameters which can affect the prediction results of mine water inflow were analyzed to ensure the accuracy of prediction results. This study can provide the scientific support for the prevention and control of mine water damage and safety in mine production.
Prediction of mine water inflow is important for the protection of mine safety. There are several methods for prediction of mine water inflow, including the big well method，mathematical statistics method, artificial neural network method, hydrogeological analogy method, water balance method, correlation analysis method, and drawdown curve method of mine water inflow. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. According to the hydrogeological conditions of the Lvtang coal mine in Guizhou province, the big well method and water balance method were selected to predict the mine water inflow. At the same time, the parameters which can affect the prediction results of mine water inflow were analyzed to ensure the accuracy of prediction results. The results showed that the general water inflow of the coal-bearing stratum in the Lvtang coal mine is 210 L/s, while the maximum water inflow can reach 410 L/s. At the same time, the parameters which can affect the prediction results of mine water inflow were analyzed to ensure the accuracy of prediction results. This study can provide the scientific support for the prevention and control of mine water damage and safety in mine production.
2013(2):62-66.
Abstract:
in the mountain pass of Kulamake River were used to investigate the valley variation in the area. The comprehensive analysis of geologic and geomorphologic data, such as tectonic development history, the characteristics of ancient riverbed sediment and its elevation based on the drill-hole data, and the terrace development elevation in the mountain pass of Kulamake River were used to determine the stable-erosive periods of the riverbed since the Quaternary, which was compared with the karst development characteristics in the study area to identify the vertical valley variation. The results indicated that there are were seven stable-erosive periods for the valley since during the Quaternary. According to the thermoluminescence dating analysis on the terrace sediments, the erosive rate of the valley was calculated, which showed that the valley has the fastest erosive rate of 8.2 m/ka before the time period of 70 to 80 ka. In addition, the valley continued to move to left side of valley during the valley erosion process.
in the mountain pass of Kulamake River were used to investigate the valley variation in the area. The comprehensive analysis of geologic and geomorphologic data, such as tectonic development history, the characteristics of ancient riverbed sediment and its elevation based on the drill-hole data, and the terrace development elevation in the mountain pass of Kulamake River were used to determine the stable-erosive periods of the riverbed since the Quaternary, which was compared with the karst development characteristics in the study area to identify the vertical valley variation. The results indicated that there are were seven stable-erosive periods for the valley since during the Quaternary. According to the thermoluminescence dating analysis on the terrace sediments, the erosive rate of the valley was calculated, which showed that the valley has the fastest erosive rate of 8.2 m/ka before the time period of 70 to 80 ka. In addition, the valley continued to move to left side of valley during the valley erosion process.
2013(2):67-70.
Abstract:
The groundwater chemistry of the major aquifers was analyzed and the environmental isotope method was used to study the water source in the Liyazhuang mining area based on the hydrogeological investigation results. The groundwater chemistry results showed that (1) there is a difference in groundwater quality between different aquifers in the mining area. The karst fissure water quality in the Taiyuan formation of Carboniferous system has only a single type, and it has lower concentration of SO42- and higher concentration of Na+ compared with the Permian fissure water; (2) the karst water quality in the Fengfeng formation of Ordovician system is relatively complex with the obvious horizontal zoning characteristics; and (3) the type of water quality and ion concentrations in the upper Majiagou formation of Ordovician system have significant differences from those in the Fengfeng formation. The environmental isotope analysis results showed that δD and δ18O deviate far away from the local precipitation line, which indicated that precipitation does not play an important role in recharging the karst fissure water in the Taiyuan formation and karst water in the Ordovician system. Instead, both types of water receive water from the ancient water and recent infiltration water and mixture of both based on the analysis of Tritium concentration.
The groundwater chemistry of the major aquifers was analyzed and the environmental isotope method was used to study the water source in the Liyazhuang mining area based on the hydrogeological investigation results. The groundwater chemistry results showed that (1) there is a difference in groundwater quality between different aquifers in the mining area. The karst fissure water quality in the Taiyuan formation of Carboniferous system has only a single type, and it has lower concentration of SO42- and higher concentration of Na+ compared with the Permian fissure water; (2) the karst water quality in the Fengfeng formation of Ordovician system is relatively complex with the obvious horizontal zoning characteristics; and (3) the type of water quality and ion concentrations in the upper Majiagou formation of Ordovician system have significant differences from those in the Fengfeng formation. The environmental isotope analysis results showed that δD and δ18O deviate far away from the local precipitation line, which indicated that precipitation does not play an important role in recharging the karst fissure water in the Taiyuan formation and karst water in the Ordovician system. Instead, both types of water receive water from the ancient water and recent infiltration water and mixture of both based on the analysis of Tritium concentration.
2013(2):71-75.
Abstract:
The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is widely used in the evaluation of water quality by the environmental hydrogeologists. However, the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in water quality assessment started relatively late and the research is not very thorough, therefore some problems exist in the evaluation of groundwater quality using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. In this paper, the membership function and complex computing problems in the fuzzy mathematical evaluation method are introduced, the simple processing is conducted for the existing problems, and the evaluation method is modified. At the same time, the modified method and original method are applied to the same case. The groundwater water quality in this case study area is relative poor, which leads to that the evaluation results are similar with those original operators such as "multiplication take big" and "small and big" . Moreover, the evaluation results shows that the modified method reflects the real conditions of groundwater water, which suggest that the method and evaluation results are reliable and can provide reference significance for future groundwater quality assessment projects..
The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is widely used in the evaluation of water quality by the environmental hydrogeologists. However, the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in water quality assessment started relatively late and the research is not very thorough, therefore some problems exist in the evaluation of groundwater quality using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. In this paper, the membership function and complex computing problems in the fuzzy mathematical evaluation method are introduced, the simple processing is conducted for the existing problems, and the evaluation method is modified. At the same time, the modified method and original method are applied to the same case. The groundwater water quality in this case study area is relative poor, which leads to that the evaluation results are similar with those original operators such as "multiplication take big" and "small and big" . Moreover, the evaluation results shows that the modified method reflects the real conditions of groundwater water, which suggest that the method and evaluation results are reliable and can provide reference significance for future groundwater quality assessment projects..
2013(2):76-80.
Abstract:
In this paper, the monthly and yearly meteorological data and ecology information in the Baiyang Lake from 1955 to 2010 were analyzed to investigate the effects on the wetlands, in order to provide the basis of protection and sustainable development to the Baiyang Lake. The results showed that the local climate of Baiyang Lake varied in recent 56 years with increasing in temperature but decreasing in the precipitation, wind speed, and sunlight. In 2007, the temperature was the highest in the past 56 years, and after 1996, the precipitation was all below the average of 56 years. The precipitation had significantly positive correlation with the annual highest water level, however, the average temperature had opposite correlation with water area. The changes of water level and water area, coupled with the impact of human activities affected the water quality and biological diversity in the Baiyang Lake and the allocation proportion of different types of land use.
In this paper, the monthly and yearly meteorological data and ecology information in the Baiyang Lake from 1955 to 2010 were analyzed to investigate the effects on the wetlands, in order to provide the basis of protection and sustainable development to the Baiyang Lake. The results showed that the local climate of Baiyang Lake varied in recent 56 years with increasing in temperature but decreasing in the precipitation, wind speed, and sunlight. In 2007, the temperature was the highest in the past 56 years, and after 1996, the precipitation was all below the average of 56 years. The precipitation had significantly positive correlation with the annual highest water level, however, the average temperature had opposite correlation with water area. The changes of water level and water area, coupled with the impact of human activities affected the water quality and biological diversity in the Baiyang Lake and the allocation proportion of different types of land use.
2013(2):81-85.
Abstract:
The promulgation of “Water Pollutant Emission Standard in Watersheds of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province” (DB37/599-2006) is an important measure to ensure the water quality in Shandong Reach of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. In order to analyze the actual effects of emission reduction and its impacts on regional economic development after the implementation of the new standard, the variations of emissions of major pollutants and regional economic development data within 3 to 5 years before and after the new standard were selected, and the impacts of the new standard on the emission amounts of main water pollutants, industrial structure, and economic development in six cities along the water transfer line were evaluated. The results indicated that the new standard decreased the emission amounts of main water pollutants and improved the optimization of industrial structure. The new standard had no negative impacts on the economic development..
The promulgation of “Water Pollutant Emission Standard in Watersheds of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province” (DB37/599-2006) is an important measure to ensure the water quality in Shandong Reach of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. In order to analyze the actual effects of emission reduction and its impacts on regional economic development after the implementation of the new standard, the variations of emissions of major pollutants and regional economic development data within 3 to 5 years before and after the new standard were selected, and the impacts of the new standard on the emission amounts of main water pollutants, industrial structure, and economic development in six cities along the water transfer line were evaluated. The results indicated that the new standard decreased the emission amounts of main water pollutants and improved the optimization of industrial structure. The new standard had no negative impacts on the economic development..
2013(2):86-93.
Abstract:
In this paper, development and applications of the nitrate behavior simulation of six models, SWAT, AnnAGNPS, HSPF, RZWQM, BASINS and GLEAMS, as examples, were described in the terrestrial ecosystem. The theory and problems of nitrate process in models were analyzed, pointing out that the methods of nitrogen transformation process involved in the microorganisms, the process of nitrogen, crop coupling mechanism and quantitative methods that require in-depth experimental study to explore their mechanisms and to improve the performance of model simulation and prediction. The article also pointed out that the vast majority of one-dimensional scale model in the fields should draw on regional biogeochemical cycle simulation or a distributed hydrological model coupling scale expansion. Watershed scale model should further enhance the coupling of a number of environmental process simulation studies. And the development directions of the SWAT, AnnAGNPS model also were pointed out in detail.
In this paper, development and applications of the nitrate behavior simulation of six models, SWAT, AnnAGNPS, HSPF, RZWQM, BASINS and GLEAMS, as examples, were described in the terrestrial ecosystem. The theory and problems of nitrate process in models were analyzed, pointing out that the methods of nitrogen transformation process involved in the microorganisms, the process of nitrogen, crop coupling mechanism and quantitative methods that require in-depth experimental study to explore their mechanisms and to improve the performance of model simulation and prediction. The article also pointed out that the vast majority of one-dimensional scale model in the fields should draw on regional biogeochemical cycle simulation or a distributed hydrological model coupling scale expansion. Watershed scale model should further enhance the coupling of a number of environmental process simulation studies. And the development directions of the SWAT, AnnAGNPS model also were pointed out in detail.
2013(2):94-98.
Abstract:
Based on the natural hydrologic cycle and the relationship between water and human society, the connotation of water resources management is analyzed systematically and the development of water resources management is illustrated. In this paper, the existing deep-seated problems of water resources management in China are discussed, and a relatively complete management model of water resources is developed. In terms of the water resources shortage conditions, the mode, content, and development trend of water resources management are analyzed.
Based on the natural hydrologic cycle and the relationship between water and human society, the connotation of water resources management is analyzed systematically and the development of water resources management is illustrated. In this paper, the existing deep-seated problems of water resources management in China are discussed, and a relatively complete management model of water resources is developed. In terms of the water resources shortage conditions, the mode, content, and development trend of water resources management are analyzed.
2013(2):99-103.
Abstract:
With the continuously increasing production of municipal sewage sludge, sludge treatment is imperative. Due to the significant decreasing of land for sludge disposal and the potential environmental problems, the traditional disposal method is not suitable for development request. Sludge is the associate product of sewage treatment plant, which contains a large number of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus; therefore sludge could be reusable after appropriate treatments. Utilization is the primary trend to solve the sludge problem. In this paper, the present situation of sewage sludge disposal is introduced, and the technical utilization solutions for sludge disposal are classified, including the applications of land, building material, energy, and other aspects. The factors affecting the utilization are also analyzed. Furthermore, the reasonable utilization based on local circumstances, persistent innovations of technologies and improvement of policies would act as the impetus for the sludge utilization in China.
With the continuously increasing production of municipal sewage sludge, sludge treatment is imperative. Due to the significant decreasing of land for sludge disposal and the potential environmental problems, the traditional disposal method is not suitable for development request. Sludge is the associate product of sewage treatment plant, which contains a large number of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus; therefore sludge could be reusable after appropriate treatments. Utilization is the primary trend to solve the sludge problem. In this paper, the present situation of sewage sludge disposal is introduced, and the technical utilization solutions for sludge disposal are classified, including the applications of land, building material, energy, and other aspects. The factors affecting the utilization are also analyzed. Furthermore, the reasonable utilization based on local circumstances, persistent innovations of technologies and improvement of policies would act as the impetus for the sludge utilization in China.
2013(2):104-107.
Abstract:
The material types and concentration in waste leachate are affected deeply by field conditions of landfill site, waste classes and waste disposal methods. In terms of component, the harmful organic pollutants can be classified into five types, including Aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbons, BTEX, Phenols, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Phthalate esters (PAEs). In terms of function and application, the harmful organic pollutants can be grouped into four types, including agricultural organic contaminates, medical drugs, and electronic components (BFR). Most of the pollutants can cause cancer, malformation, and mutation, and they are usually endocrine disrupting chemicals, therefore they can affect the human health. However, there are few restrictions of these organic pollutants with little content but significant hazard in groundwater. The standards and restrictions for some serious organic pollutants are studied. It is suggested that those organic pollutants should be studied carefully in the future groundwater organic pollution investigation, and the management of the related departments should be strengthened to prevent groundwater pollution caused by these pollutants.
The material types and concentration in waste leachate are affected deeply by field conditions of landfill site, waste classes and waste disposal methods. In terms of component, the harmful organic pollutants can be classified into five types, including Aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbons, BTEX, Phenols, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Phthalate esters (PAEs). In terms of function and application, the harmful organic pollutants can be grouped into four types, including agricultural organic contaminates, medical drugs, and electronic components (BFR). Most of the pollutants can cause cancer, malformation, and mutation, and they are usually endocrine disrupting chemicals, therefore they can affect the human health. However, there are few restrictions of these organic pollutants with little content but significant hazard in groundwater. The standards and restrictions for some serious organic pollutants are studied. It is suggested that those organic pollutants should be studied carefully in the future groundwater organic pollution investigation, and the management of the related departments should be strengthened to prevent groundwater pollution caused by these pollutants.
2013(2):108-111.
Abstract:
Forest thinning imposed the large effects on forest water conservation. Based on vegetation layer, litter layer and soil layer of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation after thinning in different intensities in mountainous area of north Hebei province, forest water conservation was studied. Results showed that 1) vegetation interception and litter water retention decreased with the decrease in thinning intensity; 2) soil water-holding ability was raised by increased thinning intensity. Collecting litter after thinning could increase vegetation interception and litter water retention ability. Soil water-holding ability played the most important part in vegetation water conservation ability, next was litter water retention ability and least was vegetation interception ability. Larix principis-rupprechtii platation thinning reasonably could improve forest water conservation.
Forest thinning imposed the large effects on forest water conservation. Based on vegetation layer, litter layer and soil layer of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation after thinning in different intensities in mountainous area of north Hebei province, forest water conservation was studied. Results showed that 1) vegetation interception and litter water retention decreased with the decrease in thinning intensity; 2) soil water-holding ability was raised by increased thinning intensity. Collecting litter after thinning could increase vegetation interception and litter water retention ability. Soil water-holding ability played the most important part in vegetation water conservation ability, next was litter water retention ability and least was vegetation interception ability. Larix principis-rupprechtii platation thinning reasonably could improve forest water conservation.
2013(2):112-116.
Abstract:
The underlying surface, which is formed by the real estate construction, is divided into four types: waterproof building roof, indurative ground, pervious ground and greenbelt. On the basis of the national standards and regulations, four underlying surface area of ??proportion of the total area is 24%, 22.8%, 28.2%, 25%. By calculated, the total runoff coefficient of the Beijing real estate project construction is 0.60. The calculation and analysis of the rain runoff from building area in Beijing from 2006 to 2011 show that the rain runoff become maximum in July and August .The order of the rain runoff formed by four underlying surface was: waterproof building roof, indurative ground, pervious ground, greenbelt. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of building area and the features of rainwater runoff, we should pay attention to the measures construction of rainwater collection and utilization to increase rain infiltration and utilization and alleviate the pressure of urban rainwater pipe drainage, such as permeable pavement, catchment basin, roof greening and undercut type green space.
The underlying surface, which is formed by the real estate construction, is divided into four types: waterproof building roof, indurative ground, pervious ground and greenbelt. On the basis of the national standards and regulations, four underlying surface area of ??proportion of the total area is 24%, 22.8%, 28.2%, 25%. By calculated, the total runoff coefficient of the Beijing real estate project construction is 0.60. The calculation and analysis of the rain runoff from building area in Beijing from 2006 to 2011 show that the rain runoff become maximum in July and August .The order of the rain runoff formed by four underlying surface was: waterproof building roof, indurative ground, pervious ground, greenbelt. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of building area and the features of rainwater runoff, we should pay attention to the measures construction of rainwater collection and utilization to increase rain infiltration and utilization and alleviate the pressure of urban rainwater pipe drainage, such as permeable pavement, catchment basin, roof greening and undercut type green space.
2013(2):117-120.
Abstract:
In this study, the effetcs of supplemental irrigations under different stages on the soil water and water use efficiency of potato were analyzed. The potato was used as the indicator crop and a total of 5 treatments（T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5）were conducted, including T1 treatment of flat cultivation and no irrigation during the whole growth period, and T2 to T5 treatments of film punching on ridge and over furrow cultivation and irrigations under the sowing, seedling, tillering, and tuber expansion stages respectively. , The results indicated that the water consumption is significant in the 40-80 cm profile sections for the treatments of T4 and T-5, which is about 25.6 mm and 27.4 mm, respectively. From the aspect of yield and its components, the yield of T4 treatment reached 24984 kg.hm-2, and the yield per hectare of big potato and middle potato was 14490.7 kg, resulting in the highest commodity rate of all treatments. In terms of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency, the treatments of T4 and T5 were the best. Overall, T4 treatment with supplemental irrigation under the tillering stage was one of the limited supplementary irrigation modes for water saving and yield increasing.
In this study, the effetcs of supplemental irrigations under different stages on the soil water and water use efficiency of potato were analyzed. The potato was used as the indicator crop and a total of 5 treatments（T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5）were conducted, including T1 treatment of flat cultivation and no irrigation during the whole growth period, and T2 to T5 treatments of film punching on ridge and over furrow cultivation and irrigations under the sowing, seedling, tillering, and tuber expansion stages respectively. , The results indicated that the water consumption is significant in the 40-80 cm profile sections for the treatments of T4 and T-5, which is about 25.6 mm and 27.4 mm, respectively. From the aspect of yield and its components, the yield of T4 treatment reached 24984 kg.hm-2, and the yield per hectare of big potato and middle potato was 14490.7 kg, resulting in the highest commodity rate of all treatments. In terms of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency, the treatments of T4 and T5 were the best. Overall, T4 treatment with supplemental irrigation under the tillering stage was one of the limited supplementary irrigation modes for water saving and yield increasing.
2013(2):121-124.
Abstract:
Ridge and furrow with cover rainwater harvesting technology has been widely used in the semi-arid agricultural region in the northwest of China due to its significant raising yield with saving water in the arid agricultural areas. In order to study ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting method suitable for oats, to analyze water consumption of oat, and to propose an appropriate model of ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting, this study designed four types of treatments, including T1 of ground planting, T2 of ditch ridge planting without cover and without water supply, T3 of ditch ridge planting with cover but without water supply, and T4 of ground planting with sufficient water supply. The results showed that: (1) the water consumption of T1 treatment was higher than that of T2 and T3 treatments during the main growth stage, except for T4 treatment; (2) T3 treatment significantly increased the soil moisture in the 0-30 cm profile of the arable layer and it reached 6.93 mm, while T1 treatment had the highest water consumption in each soil section among all the treatments; (3) the highest yield was 1854 kg/hm2 by T4 treatment, and was 1611.2 kg/hm2 by T3. So the highest yield by T4 was 242.8 kg/hm2 higher than that by T3 treatment. For the planting methods without water supply (T1, T2 and T3 treatment), the highest yield by T3 treatment was about 28.1% and 27.8% higher than that by T1 and T2 treatments, respectively; and (4) T4 treatment had the highest yield for all components among all the treatments, and T3 treatment significantly reduced the 1000-grain weight of oats to only 13.9 g, but the other indicators in T3 treatment were significantly higher those in T1 treatment.
Ridge and furrow with cover rainwater harvesting technology has been widely used in the semi-arid agricultural region in the northwest of China due to its significant raising yield with saving water in the arid agricultural areas. In order to study ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting method suitable for oats, to analyze water consumption of oat, and to propose an appropriate model of ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting, this study designed four types of treatments, including T1 of ground planting, T2 of ditch ridge planting without cover and without water supply, T3 of ditch ridge planting with cover but without water supply, and T4 of ground planting with sufficient water supply. The results showed that: (1) the water consumption of T1 treatment was higher than that of T2 and T3 treatments during the main growth stage, except for T4 treatment; (2) T3 treatment significantly increased the soil moisture in the 0-30 cm profile of the arable layer and it reached 6.93 mm, while T1 treatment had the highest water consumption in each soil section among all the treatments; (3) the highest yield was 1854 kg/hm2 by T4 treatment, and was 1611.2 kg/hm2 by T3. So the highest yield by T4 was 242.8 kg/hm2 higher than that by T3 treatment. For the planting methods without water supply (T1, T2 and T3 treatment), the highest yield by T3 treatment was about 28.1% and 27.8% higher than that by T1 and T2 treatments, respectively; and (4) T4 treatment had the highest yield for all components among all the treatments, and T3 treatment significantly reduced the 1000-grain weight of oats to only 13.9 g, but the other indicators in T3 treatment were significantly higher those in T1 treatment.
2013(2):125-127.
Abstract:
Development of intercropping economy is an effective solution to increase farmers’ income, especially in the area short of water resources. Therefore, the implementation of high-tech water-saving irrigation on the intercropping crops has received more attention and its research is of great practical significance. In this paper, the concept of two-branch-pipe drip irrigation system is proposed and applied to the intercropping of red date and cotton in Pishan county, Xinjiang province of China. The successful implementation and operation of the drip irrigation system can solve the irrigation problems for the intercropping crops, which may provide important technical support and valuable practical experience for the future stereo planting pattern.
Development of intercropping economy is an effective solution to increase farmers’ income, especially in the area short of water resources. Therefore, the implementation of high-tech water-saving irrigation on the intercropping crops has received more attention and its research is of great practical significance. In this paper, the concept of two-branch-pipe drip irrigation system is proposed and applied to the intercropping of red date and cotton in Pishan county, Xinjiang province of China. The successful implementation and operation of the drip irrigation system can solve the irrigation problems for the intercropping crops, which may provide important technical support and valuable practical experience for the future stereo planting pattern.
2013(2):128-132.
Abstract:
The seepage control measures were investigated for the dam area of Lizhou hydroelectric project in Muli River of Sichuan Province. A three-dimensional finite element seepage model was developed using ANSYS 2.1 to analyze the seepage characteristics and variations of seepage pressure under different seepage control schemes. The seepage gradient and seepage amount of key positions and the seepage pressure and groundwater level of typical profiles of seepage field for different seepage control schemes were compared. The results showed that (1) the impervious curtain and drainage hole in the design scheme of seepage control measures of Lizhou arch dam can decrease the seepage saturation line effectively, lower the uplift pressure on dam foundation and dam abutment, and improve the stress conditions of dam foundation and dam abutment; (2) the deepening curtain, drainage hole, and thickening curtain have insignificant effects on decreasing the seepage pressure; and (3) increasing the depth of impervious curtain near the f5 fault can prevent the formation of leakage passage in the f5 fault. In addition, removing the drainage hole in the first layer and decreasing the extending length of the impervious curtain of dam abutment can save the cost of seepage control measures without breaking seepage safety.
The seepage control measures were investigated for the dam area of Lizhou hydroelectric project in Muli River of Sichuan Province. A three-dimensional finite element seepage model was developed using ANSYS 2.1 to analyze the seepage characteristics and variations of seepage pressure under different seepage control schemes. The seepage gradient and seepage amount of key positions and the seepage pressure and groundwater level of typical profiles of seepage field for different seepage control schemes were compared. The results showed that (1) the impervious curtain and drainage hole in the design scheme of seepage control measures of Lizhou arch dam can decrease the seepage saturation line effectively, lower the uplift pressure on dam foundation and dam abutment, and improve the stress conditions of dam foundation and dam abutment; (2) the deepening curtain, drainage hole, and thickening curtain have insignificant effects on decreasing the seepage pressure; and (3) increasing the depth of impervious curtain near the f5 fault can prevent the formation of leakage passage in the f5 fault. In addition, removing the drainage hole in the first layer and decreasing the extending length of the impervious curtain of dam abutment can save the cost of seepage control measures without breaking seepage safety.
2013(2):133-137.
Abstract:
The large-scale finite element analysis software ABAQUS was used to develop a three-dimensional finite element model of the lock chamber based on the basic calculation structure of standard section of lock chamber in a separate shiplock and the simulation scale of foundation. The model can be used to analyze the stress distribution and deformation characteristics under different working conditions. The internal forces at the controlling points of each part of lock chamber were calculated based on the principle of three-dimensional internal force calculation, which can provide the convenient conditions for reinforcement design.
The large-scale finite element analysis software ABAQUS was used to develop a three-dimensional finite element model of the lock chamber based on the basic calculation structure of standard section of lock chamber in a separate shiplock and the simulation scale of foundation. The model can be used to analyze the stress distribution and deformation characteristics under different working conditions. The internal forces at the controlling points of each part of lock chamber were calculated based on the principle of three-dimensional internal force calculation, which can provide the convenient conditions for reinforcement design.
2013(2):138-141.
Abstract:
In terms of grouting in the gravel layer, the research of the effects of seepage on slurry diffusion in different directions needs more investigations. In the paper, the characteristics of slurry diffusion in different directions within the gravel layer are studied under different seepage intensities based on the laboratory grouting simulation test using the uniform design method. The effects of grouting pressure P, water cement ratio m, permeability coefficient k，and seepage velocity v on the radius of slurry diffusion R0 in different directions are analyzed and the regression equations are established. The results show that the grouting pressure P has the most significant effects on the radius of slurry diffusion R0, followed by the permeability coefficient k. The seepage velocity v has a negative correlation with the radius of upstream slurry diffusion Ru but a positive correlation with the radius of downstream slurry diffusion Rd, and it has insignificant effects on the radius of lateral slurry diffusion Rl
In terms of grouting in the gravel layer, the research of the effects of seepage on slurry diffusion in different directions needs more investigations. In the paper, the characteristics of slurry diffusion in different directions within the gravel layer are studied under different seepage intensities based on the laboratory grouting simulation test using the uniform design method. The effects of grouting pressure P, water cement ratio m, permeability coefficient k，and seepage velocity v on the radius of slurry diffusion R0 in different directions are analyzed and the regression equations are established. The results show that the grouting pressure P has the most significant effects on the radius of slurry diffusion R0, followed by the permeability coefficient k. The seepage velocity v has a negative correlation with the radius of upstream slurry diffusion Ru but a positive correlation with the radius of downstream slurry diffusion Rd, and it has insignificant effects on the radius of lateral slurry diffusion Rl
2013(2):142-146.
Abstract:
Based on the load conditions of the sludge particles in water and basic theory of circular pipeline jet, the basic motion equations suitable for the sludge particles were established. Accordingly, the distribution of settling velocity of sludge particles, the velocity distribution of horizontal pipeline jet flow for each section, and the axial velocity distribution of different radial distances were obtained. A layered settlement model was constructed by fitting the motion regularity of the sludge particles along three directions: vertical, axial, and radial, which can simulate the settlement regularity of sludge particles with a grain size between 0.35 μm and 300 μm in the main district of the storage yard during a time period of 17 hours. The particle size was characterized by a fan-shaped distribution which decreased along the length of the storage yard. The sand particles were completely settled in the first 250 m of storage yard, the silty sand particles were settled along the flow direction in the storage yard, and the viscous sand particles mainly suspended in the water, which can be beneficial for the effective use of the storage yard and utilization of dredged sludge.
Based on the load conditions of the sludge particles in water and basic theory of circular pipeline jet, the basic motion equations suitable for the sludge particles were established. Accordingly, the distribution of settling velocity of sludge particles, the velocity distribution of horizontal pipeline jet flow for each section, and the axial velocity distribution of different radial distances were obtained. A layered settlement model was constructed by fitting the motion regularity of the sludge particles along three directions: vertical, axial, and radial, which can simulate the settlement regularity of sludge particles with a grain size between 0.35 μm and 300 μm in the main district of the storage yard during a time period of 17 hours. The particle size was characterized by a fan-shaped distribution which decreased along the length of the storage yard. The sand particles were completely settled in the first 250 m of storage yard, the silty sand particles were settled along the flow direction in the storage yard, and the viscous sand particles mainly suspended in the water, which can be beneficial for the effective use of the storage yard and utilization of dredged sludge.
2013(2):147-150.
Abstract:
Hydraulic concrete contains low cementitious materials and has low strength grade. The surface quality of hydraulic concrete after forming is a key factor that affects the density and low-permeability of hydraulic concrete, and it is also an important factor to improve the durability of hydraulic concrete. Based on the high quality requirements of hydraulic concrete in the Suining 2nd Pumping Station of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the different qualities of low-strength hydraulic concrete with the moulds pasted controlled permeability framework liner (CPFL) and common moulds were investigated. The results based on the in-situ engineering tests and durability tests of hydraulic concrete at the bottom plane of pumping station showed that the surface of concrete with different proportions using CPFL is dense and smooth without any defects such as holes and bubbles, and the compactness has been improved and rebound strength has been increased greatly. Moreover, the durability indexes such as freeze-thaw, carbonation, and abrasion have also been improved. Consequently, using CPFL is an effective measure to strengthen the durability of low-strength concrete.
Hydraulic concrete contains low cementitious materials and has low strength grade. The surface quality of hydraulic concrete after forming is a key factor that affects the density and low-permeability of hydraulic concrete, and it is also an important factor to improve the durability of hydraulic concrete. Based on the high quality requirements of hydraulic concrete in the Suining 2nd Pumping Station of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the different qualities of low-strength hydraulic concrete with the moulds pasted controlled permeability framework liner (CPFL) and common moulds were investigated. The results based on the in-situ engineering tests and durability tests of hydraulic concrete at the bottom plane of pumping station showed that the surface of concrete with different proportions using CPFL is dense and smooth without any defects such as holes and bubbles, and the compactness has been improved and rebound strength has been increased greatly. Moreover, the durability indexes such as freeze-thaw, carbonation, and abrasion have also been improved. Consequently, using CPFL is an effective measure to strengthen the durability of low-strength concrete.
2013(2):151-153.
Abstract:
The paper using three yuan to five yuan formula of commensurability theory and its develop formula, From the view of coarse granularity, based on the severe drought of Zhengzhou from 1901 to 2000, using commensurable theory to statistics and analysis, and then based the results,using association rule deduce and check again，the result shows that the accurate rate is as high as 80%, and at the same time prediction from 2013 to 2015, zhengzhou city won't occur serious drought above grade.
The paper using three yuan to five yuan formula of commensurability theory and its develop formula, From the view of coarse granularity, based on the severe drought of Zhengzhou from 1901 to 2000, using commensurable theory to statistics and analysis, and then based the results,using association rule deduce and check again，the result shows that the accurate rate is as high as 80%, and at the same time prediction from 2013 to 2015, zhengzhou city won't occur serious drought above grade.
2013(2):154-156.
Abstract:
A new dam culvert was built using the horizontal directional drilling method in a reservoir of Jiangxi Province, but it collapsed after a few months of operation. In order to explore the feasibility of the horizontal directional drilling method in the reservoir engineering, the causes of the accident were analyzed using the recomputation and analytic hierarchy process. Moreover, the characteristics of reservoir engineering were considered, which provided the lessons from the aspects of design, construction, and management. The results indicated that the horizontal directional drilling method is feasible theoretically and technically. However, a reasonable design, a straightforward target, and an appropriate selection of material were required to ensure the safe operation of the project with the assurance of the key technologies such as the drilling mud ratio, grouting pressure, and backfill grouting, and the strict construction management.
A new dam culvert was built using the horizontal directional drilling method in a reservoir of Jiangxi Province, but it collapsed after a few months of operation. In order to explore the feasibility of the horizontal directional drilling method in the reservoir engineering, the causes of the accident were analyzed using the recomputation and analytic hierarchy process. Moreover, the characteristics of reservoir engineering were considered, which provided the lessons from the aspects of design, construction, and management. The results indicated that the horizontal directional drilling method is feasible theoretically and technically. However, a reasonable design, a straightforward target, and an appropriate selection of material were required to ensure the safe operation of the project with the assurance of the key technologies such as the drilling mud ratio, grouting pressure, and backfill grouting, and the strict construction management.
2013(2):157-160.
Abstract:
Effective extraction of water system in the high-resolution remote sensing image is essential for the fast, high efficiency, wide range monitoring of the overall water system. In this paper, the study area is made the multi-scale segmentation of remote sensing image by eCognition software, it selects the most appropriate spectral factor , the best shape factor and ) for the segmentation; and then procees to the classification of object-oriented. It chooses Brightness in Layer Values of the object’s Spectral information and length/width in the object’s Geometry for the classification. The classification is made through the nearest neighbor classification method and the membership function classification method. Remote sensing image is classified into water system and other types of land. The classification result of object-oriented is better than the pixel-based classification relying solely on the spectral information. Classification result is more consistent with the way of human thinking. Through the comparison of the land-use classification result map and the best classification result computed in the software, it concludes that nearest neighbor classification is more accurate in the water system classification.
Effective extraction of water system in the high-resolution remote sensing image is essential for the fast, high efficiency, wide range monitoring of the overall water system. In this paper, the study area is made the multi-scale segmentation of remote sensing image by eCognition software, it selects the most appropriate spectral factor , the best shape factor and ) for the segmentation; and then procees to the classification of object-oriented. It chooses Brightness in Layer Values of the object’s Spectral information and length/width in the object’s Geometry for the classification. The classification is made through the nearest neighbor classification method and the membership function classification method. Remote sensing image is classified into water system and other types of land. The classification result of object-oriented is better than the pixel-based classification relying solely on the spectral information. Classification result is more consistent with the way of human thinking. Through the comparison of the land-use classification result map and the best classification result computed in the software, it concludes that nearest neighbor classification is more accurate in the water system classification.
Mobile website
® 2024 All Rights Reserved
冀公网安备13010502002656号
冀公网安备13010502002656号 冀ICP备14004744号-5