Issue 4,2013 Table of Contents
2013(4):1-4.
Abstract:
In the context of global climate change and rapid development of economy, the contradiction between water supply and demand was sharpening. The project of Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) can change the connectivity of nature water system to develop the large-scale and inter-basin water resources allocation framework, redistribute water resources in time and space, and then realize the multi-source complementary and high and low water adjustment, therefore IRSN strategy has become a new approach to solve the water resources allocation issue in China. Compared with the traditional water resources allocation, water resources allocation base on IRSN emphasizes the inter-basin water resources utilization, which involves a larger area and benefit group. Based on the characteristics and principle of the water resources allocation through IRSN, a new water resources allocation mode - Rights Protection and Balanced Development Mode is proposed in this paper, and the main techniques and methods of water resources allocation through IRSN are discussed, including the inter-basin water cycle simulation, analysis of synchronous-asynchronous encounter probability in the water division area and intake area, and the calculation method for available water supply in the water division area.
In the context of global climate change and rapid development of economy, the contradiction between water supply and demand was sharpening. The project of Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) can change the connectivity of nature water system to develop the large-scale and inter-basin water resources allocation framework, redistribute water resources in time and space, and then realize the multi-source complementary and high and low water adjustment, therefore IRSN strategy has become a new approach to solve the water resources allocation issue in China. Compared with the traditional water resources allocation, water resources allocation base on IRSN emphasizes the inter-basin water resources utilization, which involves a larger area and benefit group. Based on the characteristics and principle of the water resources allocation through IRSN, a new water resources allocation mode - Rights Protection and Balanced Development Mode is proposed in this paper, and the main techniques and methods of water resources allocation through IRSN are discussed, including the inter-basin water cycle simulation, analysis of synchronous-asynchronous encounter probability in the water division area and intake area, and the calculation method for available water supply in the water division area.
2013(4):5-8.
Abstract:
On the basis of the natural runoff data at the Goutaizi, Sandaohezi, and Luanxian stations in the Luanhe River Basin from 1950 to 2009, the long-term trend of runoff was analyzed using the moving average method, Mann-Kendall test method, and wavelet analysis method. The results showed that (1) the runoff at the three stations have a decreasing trend from 1950 to 2009; (2)a mutation of runoff reduction happened at the Goutaizi station in 1960, at the Sandaohezi station in 1967, and at the Luanxian station in 1988, which may be caused by the extreme weather events; and (3) a 28-year variation cycle existed in the upstream of Luanhe River, a 27-year variation cycle in the midstream of Luanhe River, and a 30-year variation cycle in the downstream of Luanhe River.
On the basis of the natural runoff data at the Goutaizi, Sandaohezi, and Luanxian stations in the Luanhe River Basin from 1950 to 2009, the long-term trend of runoff was analyzed using the moving average method, Mann-Kendall test method, and wavelet analysis method. The results showed that (1) the runoff at the three stations have a decreasing trend from 1950 to 2009; (2)a mutation of runoff reduction happened at the Goutaizi station in 1960, at the Sandaohezi station in 1967, and at the Luanxian station in 1988, which may be caused by the extreme weather events; and (3) a 28-year variation cycle existed in the upstream of Luanhe River, a 27-year variation cycle in the midstream of Luanhe River, and a 30-year variation cycle in the downstream of Luanhe River.
2013(4):9-12.
Abstract:
Spatial interpolation is an important approach to investigate the spatial distribution of meteorological and hydrological variables, and the suitable interpolation methods and reasonable control stations are beneficial to improve the precision of interpolation results. In this paper, a multidimensional liner spatial interpolation method was developed based on the daily precipitation at each of 607 stations in 2010 and the horizontal distribution and elevation of each station. Under different scenarios with varying control stations (n=4, 8, and 12), The applications of multidimensional linear interpolation, inverse distance weighting interpolation (IDW), spline interpolation, and kriging interpolation (Spherical model and Gaussian model) to calculate the annual precipitation of 30 test stations were analyzed. The results showed that the interpolation results from different methods are significantly different, and the number of control stations has a significant impact on the precision of results with the existence of more control stations resulting in less difference between interpolation results. The multidimensional linear interpolation showed good interpolation precision under all scenarios and it can be an effective and reasonable solution for the future research of spatial interpolation.
Spatial interpolation is an important approach to investigate the spatial distribution of meteorological and hydrological variables, and the suitable interpolation methods and reasonable control stations are beneficial to improve the precision of interpolation results. In this paper, a multidimensional liner spatial interpolation method was developed based on the daily precipitation at each of 607 stations in 2010 and the horizontal distribution and elevation of each station. Under different scenarios with varying control stations (n=4, 8, and 12), The applications of multidimensional linear interpolation, inverse distance weighting interpolation (IDW), spline interpolation, and kriging interpolation (Spherical model and Gaussian model) to calculate the annual precipitation of 30 test stations were analyzed. The results showed that the interpolation results from different methods are significantly different, and the number of control stations has a significant impact on the precision of results with the existence of more control stations resulting in less difference between interpolation results. The multidimensional linear interpolation showed good interpolation precision under all scenarios and it can be an effective and reasonable solution for the future research of spatial interpolation.
2013(4):13-16.
Abstract:
Regional evapotranspiration is an important moisture indicator of regional weather and agricultural production. In this paper, the potential evapotranspiration (ET) in Beijing from 1960 to 2011 was calculated using the Penman-Monteith Method recommended by FAO, and the major impact factors of potential ET and their variation trends were investigated. Moreover, the multi-scale and periodic analysis of the time series variation of potential ET was conducted. The results showed that (1) the potential ET increased with a rate of 0.54 mm per year, while the increasing trend was not apparent without mutational point from the Mann-Kendall test; (2) the rising temperature and decreasing precipitation resulted in the increasing in potential ET , while the decreasing sunshine duration led to the reduction of potential ET; and (3) generally, variations of temperature and precipitation had larger effects on potential ET. The multi-scale and periodic analysis of potential ET indicated that the periodic characteristics appeared at the time scales of 14 years, 11 to 12 years, and 5 to 6 years. The time domains and strengths of signal frequency distribution varied, and the periodic characteristics of potential ET in recent 15 years were also different from those in the past.
Regional evapotranspiration is an important moisture indicator of regional weather and agricultural production. In this paper, the potential evapotranspiration (ET) in Beijing from 1960 to 2011 was calculated using the Penman-Monteith Method recommended by FAO, and the major impact factors of potential ET and their variation trends were investigated. Moreover, the multi-scale and periodic analysis of the time series variation of potential ET was conducted. The results showed that (1) the potential ET increased with a rate of 0.54 mm per year, while the increasing trend was not apparent without mutational point from the Mann-Kendall test; (2) the rising temperature and decreasing precipitation resulted in the increasing in potential ET , while the decreasing sunshine duration led to the reduction of potential ET; and (3) generally, variations of temperature and precipitation had larger effects on potential ET. The multi-scale and periodic analysis of potential ET indicated that the periodic characteristics appeared at the time scales of 14 years, 11 to 12 years, and 5 to 6 years. The time domains and strengths of signal frequency distribution varied, and the periodic characteristics of potential ET in recent 15 years were also different from those in the past.
2013(4):17-21.
Abstract:
According to the physical geographic environment and socio-economic development in the Hutuo River Basin, this river basin is divided into three water resources sub-regions: sub-region I upstream of Xiaojue as the water-forming and water-using environment, sub-region II between Xiaojue and Huangbizhuang as the water-forming environment, and sub-region III downstream of Huangbizhuang as the water-using environment. Based on the analysis of the hydrologic and meteorological data in the last 50 years and previous researches, the variation characteristics and their impact factors of water resources in the three sub-regions of the Hutuo River Basin were investigated. The results showed that the quantities of water resources in all of the three sub-regions decreased but the decreasing rates were different in each sub-region. Water resources in the sub-regions I and II had been affected by human activities and climate change, but the influence mechanism and degree were different in the two sub-regions. However, water resources in sub-region III had been affected by human activities only.
According to the physical geographic environment and socio-economic development in the Hutuo River Basin, this river basin is divided into three water resources sub-regions: sub-region I upstream of Xiaojue as the water-forming and water-using environment, sub-region II between Xiaojue and Huangbizhuang as the water-forming environment, and sub-region III downstream of Huangbizhuang as the water-using environment. Based on the analysis of the hydrologic and meteorological data in the last 50 years and previous researches, the variation characteristics and their impact factors of water resources in the three sub-regions of the Hutuo River Basin were investigated. The results showed that the quantities of water resources in all of the three sub-regions decreased but the decreasing rates were different in each sub-region. Water resources in the sub-regions I and II had been affected by human activities and climate change, but the influence mechanism and degree were different in the two sub-regions. However, water resources in sub-region III had been affected by human activities only.
2013(4):22-25.
Abstract:
An evaluation index system of regional water resources carrying capacity was developed in the Hanjiang River Basin of Hubei Province, and the dynamic factor analysis was used to perform a quantitative study of the water resources carrying capacity in nine cities within the river basin. The results showed that the water resources carrying capacity in the Hanjiang River Basin varies significantly in different cities such that Wuhan is the leading city in terms of water resources carrying capacity followed by Shennongjia forest region, Xiangyang, Xiaogan, and Xiantao, whereas Jingmen, Tianmen, Shiyan, and Qianjiang have weaker water resources carrying capacity. In general, the development trend of water resources carrying capacity in the Hanjiang River Basin of Hubei Province was not optimistic, and the corresponding measures should be conducted to improve the water resources carrying capacity, and thereby promoting the sustainable and stable development of water resources, society, and economy.
An evaluation index system of regional water resources carrying capacity was developed in the Hanjiang River Basin of Hubei Province, and the dynamic factor analysis was used to perform a quantitative study of the water resources carrying capacity in nine cities within the river basin. The results showed that the water resources carrying capacity in the Hanjiang River Basin varies significantly in different cities such that Wuhan is the leading city in terms of water resources carrying capacity followed by Shennongjia forest region, Xiangyang, Xiaogan, and Xiantao, whereas Jingmen, Tianmen, Shiyan, and Qianjiang have weaker water resources carrying capacity. In general, the development trend of water resources carrying capacity in the Hanjiang River Basin of Hubei Province was not optimistic, and the corresponding measures should be conducted to improve the water resources carrying capacity, and thereby promoting the sustainable and stable development of water resources, society, and economy.
2013(4):26-30.
Abstract:
The water resources ecological footprint model was used to calculate and analyze water resources ecological footprint, water resources ecological carrying capacity, water resources ecological profit and loss, water resources ecological pressure index, and water resources ecological footprint per 104 yuan GDP of Hechi City from 2004 to 2010, all of which can help characterize the sustainable utilization situation of water resources in this area. The results showed that: (1) in Hechi city, the water resource ecological footprint per capita was 0.7420 hm2, the water resource ecological capacity per capita was 7.4286 hm2, the water resources ecological profit per capita was 6.6867 hm2, the average value of water resources ecological pressure index was 0.1077, which indicated that the water resources utilization in the area was sustainable and the water resources safety degree was high in recent years; and (2) the average decreasing rate of annual water resources ecological footprint per 104 Yuan GDP was 7.8%, which suggested that the water resources utilization efficiency improved significantly in recent years in Hechi City. Finally this paper pointed out that the water resources ecological footprint research can be benefited from the aspects of water resources equivalence factor value and the calculation of water pollution footprint.
The water resources ecological footprint model was used to calculate and analyze water resources ecological footprint, water resources ecological carrying capacity, water resources ecological profit and loss, water resources ecological pressure index, and water resources ecological footprint per 104 yuan GDP of Hechi City from 2004 to 2010, all of which can help characterize the sustainable utilization situation of water resources in this area. The results showed that: (1) in Hechi city, the water resource ecological footprint per capita was 0.7420 hm2, the water resource ecological capacity per capita was 7.4286 hm2, the water resources ecological profit per capita was 6.6867 hm2, the average value of water resources ecological pressure index was 0.1077, which indicated that the water resources utilization in the area was sustainable and the water resources safety degree was high in recent years; and (2) the average decreasing rate of annual water resources ecological footprint per 104 Yuan GDP was 7.8%, which suggested that the water resources utilization efficiency improved significantly in recent years in Hechi City. Finally this paper pointed out that the water resources ecological footprint research can be benefited from the aspects of water resources equivalence factor value and the calculation of water pollution footprint.
2013(4):31-34.
Abstract:
The Leibniz integral was performed on the three-dimensional Reynolds equation along the water depth to obtain the two-dimensional unsteady flow equation, which was used to develop the flood routing mathematical model in the Hutuo River. Based on the boundary conditions, flood standards, and the effects of tiny terrain in the study area, suitable water dynamics method was used to calculate the flood discharge and real-time flood level. The method of array tracking was applied in the process of moving boundary to improve the computational efficiency. The “96?8” flood data of the Hutuo River were used to verify the model, and the results showed good agreement between the simulated and measured data. On this basis, the flood situations before and after the golf course construction were simulated in the flood diversion area of the Hutuo River under the flood discharge conditions with different standards, which can characterize the impacts of the construction project on the flood discharge. The simulation results indicated that the model design is reasonable and the model has a certain reliability and practicability.
The Leibniz integral was performed on the three-dimensional Reynolds equation along the water depth to obtain the two-dimensional unsteady flow equation, which was used to develop the flood routing mathematical model in the Hutuo River. Based on the boundary conditions, flood standards, and the effects of tiny terrain in the study area, suitable water dynamics method was used to calculate the flood discharge and real-time flood level. The method of array tracking was applied in the process of moving boundary to improve the computational efficiency. The “96?8” flood data of the Hutuo River were used to verify the model, and the results showed good agreement between the simulated and measured data. On this basis, the flood situations before and after the golf course construction were simulated in the flood diversion area of the Hutuo River under the flood discharge conditions with different standards, which can characterize the impacts of the construction project on the flood discharge. The simulation results indicated that the model design is reasonable and the model has a certain reliability and practicability.
2013(4):35-40.
Abstract:
Based on the data of monthly flow, monthly precipitation, and monthly evaporation at the Dongfeng Station in the Wuyun River Basin, we analyzed the main water supply source to the runoff of Wuyun River and the effects of precipitation and evaporation on the runoff of Wuyun River through the calculations of variation coefficient, , peak-pattern degree，high and low runoff ratio, and the climate tendency rate of the hydro-meteorological elements. The results showed that（1）the variation coefficient of annual runoff is 0.32 in the Wuyun River, and the runoff is mainly supplied by snowmelt and precipitation in summer. The annual runoff decreases gradually in four seasons, flood season, and non-flood season, and the decreasing of runoff is more significant during the flood season; and (2)the precipitation and evaporation in the Wuyun River decrease annually and the climate tendency rate of evaporation is -175 mm/10 a. The analysis indicated that the gradual reduction of precipitation may be one of the reasons to cause the decreasing of runoff in the Wuyun River Basin.
Based on the data of monthly flow, monthly precipitation, and monthly evaporation at the Dongfeng Station in the Wuyun River Basin, we analyzed the main water supply source to the runoff of Wuyun River and the effects of precipitation and evaporation on the runoff of Wuyun River through the calculations of variation coefficient, , peak-pattern degree，high and low runoff ratio, and the climate tendency rate of the hydro-meteorological elements. The results showed that（1）the variation coefficient of annual runoff is 0.32 in the Wuyun River, and the runoff is mainly supplied by snowmelt and precipitation in summer. The annual runoff decreases gradually in four seasons, flood season, and non-flood season, and the decreasing of runoff is more significant during the flood season; and (2)the precipitation and evaporation in the Wuyun River decrease annually and the climate tendency rate of evaporation is -175 mm/10 a. The analysis indicated that the gradual reduction of precipitation may be one of the reasons to cause the decreasing of runoff in the Wuyun River Basin.
2013(4):41-45.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the present situation of sustainable development of water resources in Chengdu, this paper adopted the PSR model to establish the index system of water security assessment of Chengdu, determined the weights for each index using the AHP method, obtained the comprehensive index of water security assessment of Chengdu, and predicted the future water security using the correlation analysis method. The results showed that the water security level of Chengdu is grade IV from 2005 to 2013, indicating a security status. Meanwhile, in order to ensure the coordinated development among society, economy, and environment, several suggestions were proposed in this paper, including the improvement of consciousness of saving water and establishment of a water-saving city through increased technical investment, the increasing of utilization rate of water resources, the increasing of environmental investment to enhance the rate of municipal and industrial waste water treatment, and the improvement of water resource management system and early warning mechanism to strengthen the ability of coping with the accidental water environmental and resource problems.
In order to investigate the present situation of sustainable development of water resources in Chengdu, this paper adopted the PSR model to establish the index system of water security assessment of Chengdu, determined the weights for each index using the AHP method, obtained the comprehensive index of water security assessment of Chengdu, and predicted the future water security using the correlation analysis method. The results showed that the water security level of Chengdu is grade IV from 2005 to 2013, indicating a security status. Meanwhile, in order to ensure the coordinated development among society, economy, and environment, several suggestions were proposed in this paper, including the improvement of consciousness of saving water and establishment of a water-saving city through increased technical investment, the increasing of utilization rate of water resources, the increasing of environmental investment to enhance the rate of municipal and industrial waste water treatment, and the improvement of water resource management system and early warning mechanism to strengthen the ability of coping with the accidental water environmental and resource problems.
11 Characteristics and Factors of Nitrate Pollution in Soil in the Alluvial-pluvial Fan of Hun River
2013(4):46-50.
Abstract:
Soil nitrate is one of the critical sources of groundwater nitrate; therefore the study of the characteristics of soil nitrate is important for the control and remediation of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of soil nitrate in the alluvial-pluvial fan of Hun River, five monitoring sections and 50 sampling locations were designed in the alluvial-pluvial fan across the Hun River, and the soil samples were collected and conducted nitrate measurement in a vertical interval of every 0.8 m at each sampling location. The Hazen probability curve was used to determine the standard values of soil nitrate in the alluvial-pluvial fan of Hun River, and the single factor index method and Nemero pollution index evaluation method were used to analyze the pollution characteristics of soil nitrate at different depths and sections. The pollution characteristics were analyzed in association with the regional land use type and regional organic matter content to determine their impacts on nitrate pollution. The results showed that the standard nitrate concentration is 2.58 mg/kg and nitrate has medium level pollution in this area, and the existence of sewage river, regional land use type, and regional organic matter content can have significant impacts on nitrate pollution.
Soil nitrate is one of the critical sources of groundwater nitrate; therefore the study of the characteristics of soil nitrate is important for the control and remediation of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of soil nitrate in the alluvial-pluvial fan of Hun River, five monitoring sections and 50 sampling locations were designed in the alluvial-pluvial fan across the Hun River, and the soil samples were collected and conducted nitrate measurement in a vertical interval of every 0.8 m at each sampling location. The Hazen probability curve was used to determine the standard values of soil nitrate in the alluvial-pluvial fan of Hun River, and the single factor index method and Nemero pollution index evaluation method were used to analyze the pollution characteristics of soil nitrate at different depths and sections. The pollution characteristics were analyzed in association with the regional land use type and regional organic matter content to determine their impacts on nitrate pollution. The results showed that the standard nitrate concentration is 2.58 mg/kg and nitrate has medium level pollution in this area, and the existence of sewage river, regional land use type, and regional organic matter content can have significant impacts on nitrate pollution.
2013(4):51-55.
Abstract:
Based on hydrochemistry data of water samples collected during the ecologic water conveyance period in April and the intermission period in August, 2011 from fourteen observation wells in the Ejina Delta, the water chemistry characteristics of shallow groundwater and their controlling factors were analyzed synthetically with the influence of single ecological water conveyance in the riparian zone, gobi desert, and farmland-oasis area using the methods of Kriging interpolation and piper diagram. The results indicated that (1) the shallow groundwater hydrochemistry type did not change significantly between April and August in the Ejina Delta, but the TDS (total dissolved solids) (2211.7 to 2974.3 mg/L), total hardness（251.5 to 357.3 mg/L）, and average content of main ions increased significantly from April to August, along with considerable increasing of space variation coefficient （112.6 to 157.5）; (2) shallow groundwater chemistry showed spatial variation with the increasing of TDS from less than 1000 mg/L to more than 3000 mg/L along the direction of groundwater flow and the existence of peak strip of TDS at a certain distance from the river; and (3)the main controlling factors for the shallow groundwater chemistry in the Ejina Delta included evapotranspiration, river water filtration, and groundwater pumping and irrigation.
Based on hydrochemistry data of water samples collected during the ecologic water conveyance period in April and the intermission period in August, 2011 from fourteen observation wells in the Ejina Delta, the water chemistry characteristics of shallow groundwater and their controlling factors were analyzed synthetically with the influence of single ecological water conveyance in the riparian zone, gobi desert, and farmland-oasis area using the methods of Kriging interpolation and piper diagram. The results indicated that (1) the shallow groundwater hydrochemistry type did not change significantly between April and August in the Ejina Delta, but the TDS (total dissolved solids) (2211.7 to 2974.3 mg/L), total hardness（251.5 to 357.3 mg/L）, and average content of main ions increased significantly from April to August, along with considerable increasing of space variation coefficient （112.6 to 157.5）; (2) shallow groundwater chemistry showed spatial variation with the increasing of TDS from less than 1000 mg/L to more than 3000 mg/L along the direction of groundwater flow and the existence of peak strip of TDS at a certain distance from the river; and (3)the main controlling factors for the shallow groundwater chemistry in the Ejina Delta included evapotranspiration, river water filtration, and groundwater pumping and irrigation.
2013(4):56-61.
Abstract:
The current evaluation index system of river ecological restoration lacks the consideration of economic feasibility. Based on the With analysis of research achievements on river ecological restoration assessment and economic feasibility analysis, through identification ofthe river ecological environment natural factors and social factors of river ecological environment were identified, as the evaluation indicator system researches of river ecological restoration now lacks of considering economy feasibility factors surrounding river, this paper mainly discusses and studies the impacts resulting from of socio-economic factors surrounding the river on river ecological system restoration were discussed, and and sets an evaluation indicator index system for river ecological restoration on the basis of from two aspects ofabout restoration necessity and economic feasibility. Adopting The analytic hierarchy process was used to assigngive the indicator index weight and to develop calculating indicator value with a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, which provided a new method for river ecological restoration assessment. in many related literatures. The evaluation index system was applied to Making application on the Zhengzhou and Zhoukou sections of Jialu River, and the evaluation results suggested that the method is feasible.
The current evaluation index system of river ecological restoration lacks the consideration of economic feasibility. Based on the With analysis of research achievements on river ecological restoration assessment and economic feasibility analysis, through identification ofthe river ecological environment natural factors and social factors of river ecological environment were identified, as the evaluation indicator system researches of river ecological restoration now lacks of considering economy feasibility factors surrounding river, this paper mainly discusses and studies the impacts resulting from of socio-economic factors surrounding the river on river ecological system restoration were discussed, and and sets an evaluation indicator index system for river ecological restoration on the basis of from two aspects ofabout restoration necessity and economic feasibility. Adopting The analytic hierarchy process was used to assigngive the indicator index weight and to develop calculating indicator value with a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, which provided a new method for river ecological restoration assessment. in many related literatures. The evaluation index system was applied to Making application on the Zhengzhou and Zhoukou sections of Jialu River, and the evaluation results suggested that the method is feasible.
2013(4):62-66.
Abstract:
The visible-near infrared spectrum curves of soil samples were collected from the sewage irrigation area in Shijiazhuang, and the regression models between soil Cd content and different spectral variables were developed using the correlation analysis and multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that cadmium has accumulated to some extent in the soil and exceeded the background value during the last 50 years of sewage irrigation, and the soil cadmium content was significantly related to the original spectrum and inverse-log spectrum in some bands, while had insignificant correlation with the continuum removal spectrum. Among the regression models, the inverse-log spectral model had the highest fitting accuracy with a root mean square error of 0.020 and prediction precision of 92.71%, which indicated that the inverse-log spectral variable model can predict the soil Cd content effectively in the study area.
The visible-near infrared spectrum curves of soil samples were collected from the sewage irrigation area in Shijiazhuang, and the regression models between soil Cd content and different spectral variables were developed using the correlation analysis and multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that cadmium has accumulated to some extent in the soil and exceeded the background value during the last 50 years of sewage irrigation, and the soil cadmium content was significantly related to the original spectrum and inverse-log spectrum in some bands, while had insignificant correlation with the continuum removal spectrum. Among the regression models, the inverse-log spectral model had the highest fitting accuracy with a root mean square error of 0.020 and prediction precision of 92.71%, which indicated that the inverse-log spectral variable model can predict the soil Cd content effectively in the study area.
2013(4):67-71.
Abstract:
There is risk of accidental water pollution caused by traffic accidents near the tail of Da’ning reservoir, which is located near the traffic node. In this paper, the leakage of 5 tons of nitrobenzene was used as an example and five scenarios considering the effects of wind and reservoir regulation were developed to investigate the dispersion characteristics of pollutants based on MIKE21FM. The results showed that: (1) the differences of pollutant dispersion speed and overstandard water area were significant under different scenarios. The reservoir water was almost static and the pollutant dispersion speed was the slowest under the scenario without wind speed and reservoir regulation, while the pollutant speed was the highest under the scenario that the northwest wind speed was 12.3 m/s and the conveyance water rate from the reservoir to Da’ning surge pool was 20 m3/s; (2) compared with reservoir regulation, wind speed and direction had higher impacts on the pollutant dispersion. Northwest wind was better for pollutant dispersion than northeast wind when both wind speeds were equal; and (3) the emergency response time for leakage of 5 tons of nitrobenzene was more than 15 hours under normal conditions (wind speed was no more than 2.56 m/s and conveyance water rate was no more than 20 m3/s), while for the emergency response time was about 4 to 9 hours under the worst conditions (northwest wind was 12.3 m/s and conveyance water rate was 20 m3/s). The results suggested that the traffic management near the tail of the reservoir needs to be strengthened and the bridge parapets should be reinforced in order to reduce the traffic accident probability, and an automatic monitoring station near the trail of reservoir may be better constructed besides the other monitoring stations determined by the former planning.
There is risk of accidental water pollution caused by traffic accidents near the tail of Da’ning reservoir, which is located near the traffic node. In this paper, the leakage of 5 tons of nitrobenzene was used as an example and five scenarios considering the effects of wind and reservoir regulation were developed to investigate the dispersion characteristics of pollutants based on MIKE21FM. The results showed that: (1) the differences of pollutant dispersion speed and overstandard water area were significant under different scenarios. The reservoir water was almost static and the pollutant dispersion speed was the slowest under the scenario without wind speed and reservoir regulation, while the pollutant speed was the highest under the scenario that the northwest wind speed was 12.3 m/s and the conveyance water rate from the reservoir to Da’ning surge pool was 20 m3/s; (2) compared with reservoir regulation, wind speed and direction had higher impacts on the pollutant dispersion. Northwest wind was better for pollutant dispersion than northeast wind when both wind speeds were equal; and (3) the emergency response time for leakage of 5 tons of nitrobenzene was more than 15 hours under normal conditions (wind speed was no more than 2.56 m/s and conveyance water rate was no more than 20 m3/s), while for the emergency response time was about 4 to 9 hours under the worst conditions (northwest wind was 12.3 m/s and conveyance water rate was 20 m3/s). The results suggested that the traffic management near the tail of the reservoir needs to be strengthened and the bridge parapets should be reinforced in order to reduce the traffic accident probability, and an automatic monitoring station near the trail of reservoir may be better constructed besides the other monitoring stations determined by the former planning.
2013(4):72-74.
Abstract:
Agricultural non-point source pollution includes three aspects: non-point source pollution of pollutants caused by rainfall runoff washing the urban ground surface，non-point source pollution of unreasonable usage of fertilizers and pesticides，and agricultural solid waste pollution and water loss and soil erosion pollution caused by rainfall runoff. In this paper, the agricultural non-point source pollution was investigated based on the data of year 2005 in Handan city. The results indicated that the fertilizer loss, as the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution, accounted for 90.91% of total agricultural pollutants. Among the four pollutants of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus accounted for 63.58% and 27.22% of the total amount of pollutants, respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for remediation of non-point source pollution.
Agricultural non-point source pollution includes three aspects: non-point source pollution of pollutants caused by rainfall runoff washing the urban ground surface，non-point source pollution of unreasonable usage of fertilizers and pesticides，and agricultural solid waste pollution and water loss and soil erosion pollution caused by rainfall runoff. In this paper, the agricultural non-point source pollution was investigated based on the data of year 2005 in Handan city. The results indicated that the fertilizer loss, as the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution, accounted for 90.91% of total agricultural pollutants. Among the four pollutants of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus accounted for 63.58% and 27.22% of the total amount of pollutants, respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for remediation of non-point source pollution.
2013(4):75-78.
Abstract:
Estimation of grain size distribution is of great importance in determination of streambed hydraulic conductivity. In this paper, streambed sediment samples from five study locations including Meixian, Xianyang, Caotan of Xi an, Lintong, and Huaxian in the Weihe River were collected. The parameter characteristics of grain size distribution for those sediment samples were analyzed and compared using the Graphical Method of Folk-Ward formula and McManus moment method. The results showed that the average particle diameter and separation coefficient of those sediment samples from the five sites have the same variation but high difference of skewness and kurtosis. Except for the Caotan of Xi’an station, the grain size distribution of streambed sediments from other four sites is in normal distribution based on the graphical method. However, the skewness and kurtosis values ??calculated by the moment method exceed the predetermined ranges. Comparatively, the graphical method is more suitable for the grain size analysis of streambed sediments in the Weihe River.
Estimation of grain size distribution is of great importance in determination of streambed hydraulic conductivity. In this paper, streambed sediment samples from five study locations including Meixian, Xianyang, Caotan of Xi an, Lintong, and Huaxian in the Weihe River were collected. The parameter characteristics of grain size distribution for those sediment samples were analyzed and compared using the Graphical Method of Folk-Ward formula and McManus moment method. The results showed that the average particle diameter and separation coefficient of those sediment samples from the five sites have the same variation but high difference of skewness and kurtosis. Except for the Caotan of Xi’an station, the grain size distribution of streambed sediments from other four sites is in normal distribution based on the graphical method. However, the skewness and kurtosis values ??calculated by the moment method exceed the predetermined ranges. Comparatively, the graphical method is more suitable for the grain size analysis of streambed sediments in the Weihe River.
2013(4):79-83.
Abstract:
There are many hydraulic projects in the Fengman Basin. The hydraulic projects, especially the poorly manually controlled and small to medium sized water conservancy projects, can affect the rainfall-runoff conditions in the basin. The original hydrological forecasting model failed to take into account this effect and therefore resulted in decreased prediction accuracy, which can affect the implementation of normal hydrological forecasting work and the performance of flood control and profiting effect of the reservoir in the basin. Based on the previous studies, the measured hydraulic project operation data and the American land resources satellite Landsat TM/ETM+ data were used to analyze the storage and release characteristics of hydraulic project during the flood. The results showed that the initial storage condition, phase of flood season, and precipitation are the three main factors affecting the storage and release characteristics of hydraulic project. The storage and release characteristics included that (1) flood detention ratio is smaller during the flood season and bigger during the flood recession period; (2) the bigger the initial storage is, the smaller the flood detention ratio is. If the initial storage is similar, the flood detention ratio during the flood recession period is bigger than that at the begining of flood season; and (3) the later the flood during the flood recession period occurs, the bigger the flood detention ratio is. The obtained storage and release characteristics were applied to adjust the flood forecasting in the Fengman Basin. , which showed that the forecasting error decreased from 146.6% to 8.6% for the flood on September 14, 1996 and from 31.8% to 10.1% for the flood on August 26, 2006 after the adjustment. Consequently, the obtained storage and release characteristics were useful and can improve the forecasting accuracy of runoff in the Fengman Basin.
There are many hydraulic projects in the Fengman Basin. The hydraulic projects, especially the poorly manually controlled and small to medium sized water conservancy projects, can affect the rainfall-runoff conditions in the basin. The original hydrological forecasting model failed to take into account this effect and therefore resulted in decreased prediction accuracy, which can affect the implementation of normal hydrological forecasting work and the performance of flood control and profiting effect of the reservoir in the basin. Based on the previous studies, the measured hydraulic project operation data and the American land resources satellite Landsat TM/ETM+ data were used to analyze the storage and release characteristics of hydraulic project during the flood. The results showed that the initial storage condition, phase of flood season, and precipitation are the three main factors affecting the storage and release characteristics of hydraulic project. The storage and release characteristics included that (1) flood detention ratio is smaller during the flood season and bigger during the flood recession period; (2) the bigger the initial storage is, the smaller the flood detention ratio is. If the initial storage is similar, the flood detention ratio during the flood recession period is bigger than that at the begining of flood season; and (3) the later the flood during the flood recession period occurs, the bigger the flood detention ratio is. The obtained storage and release characteristics were applied to adjust the flood forecasting in the Fengman Basin. , which showed that the forecasting error decreased from 146.6% to 8.6% for the flood on September 14, 1996 and from 31.8% to 10.1% for the flood on August 26, 2006 after the adjustment. Consequently, the obtained storage and release characteristics were useful and can improve the forecasting accuracy of runoff in the Fengman Basin.
2013(4):84-88.
Abstract:
Upon the analysis of fluid-solid coupling, the forces on the blades and spindle of the building integration wind turbine were discussed. Based on an actual project, the one-way fluid-structure coupling method in the structure analysis software ANSYS Workbench was used to calculate and analyze the static stresses of the blades and spindle under the wind speed of 10 m/s and 50 m/s. The results showed that the maximum static stress of the wind turbine blades occurs at the connection between the blades and spindle under different working conditions, and the maximum static stress increases with the increasing of wind speed. The maximum static stress is far less than the yield limit of material, thus it will not destroy the wind turbine blades and spindle structure. The connection between the blades and spindle has the stress concentration phenomenon, and the thickness of the connection area can be increased to prevent fatigue failure.
Upon the analysis of fluid-solid coupling, the forces on the blades and spindle of the building integration wind turbine were discussed. Based on an actual project, the one-way fluid-structure coupling method in the structure analysis software ANSYS Workbench was used to calculate and analyze the static stresses of the blades and spindle under the wind speed of 10 m/s and 50 m/s. The results showed that the maximum static stress of the wind turbine blades occurs at the connection between the blades and spindle under different working conditions, and the maximum static stress increases with the increasing of wind speed. The maximum static stress is far less than the yield limit of material, thus it will not destroy the wind turbine blades and spindle structure. The connection between the blades and spindle has the stress concentration phenomenon, and the thickness of the connection area can be increased to prevent fatigue failure.
20 Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Glass Fiber Grid under Low Temperature and Low Stress
2013(4):89-92.
Abstract:
The reinforced material in the reinforced soil can show creep deformation under the long-term stable drawing force and the deformation increases with time. If the creep deformation oversteps the allowable value, then the reinforced soil structure would be damaged. In the cold regions of northern China, soil temperature is between 0℃and -20℃ in winter. Application of glass fiber grid under this condition needs to take into account the effects of low temperature on the creep characteristics of glass fiber grid. The creep tests of glass fiber grid were performed under different temperature of -20℃, -10℃, 0℃, and 20℃. The results showed that (1) the creep deformation of glass fiber grid under negative temperatures was lower than that under normal temperature; (2) under the same temperature, the creep deformation increased with the increasing of loading level; (3) under the same loading lever, the creep deformation decreased with the decreasing of temperature; and (4) the increasing rate of creep deformation with loading level under negative temperatures was lower than that under normal temperature (20℃), which was in accordance with the rule of that lower increasing rate of creep deformation accompanies with lower temperature.
The reinforced material in the reinforced soil can show creep deformation under the long-term stable drawing force and the deformation increases with time. If the creep deformation oversteps the allowable value, then the reinforced soil structure would be damaged. In the cold regions of northern China, soil temperature is between 0℃and -20℃ in winter. Application of glass fiber grid under this condition needs to take into account the effects of low temperature on the creep characteristics of glass fiber grid. The creep tests of glass fiber grid were performed under different temperature of -20℃, -10℃, 0℃, and 20℃. The results showed that (1) the creep deformation of glass fiber grid under negative temperatures was lower than that under normal temperature; (2) under the same temperature, the creep deformation increased with the increasing of loading level; (3) under the same loading lever, the creep deformation decreased with the decreasing of temperature; and (4) the increasing rate of creep deformation with loading level under negative temperatures was lower than that under normal temperature (20℃), which was in accordance with the rule of that lower increasing rate of creep deformation accompanies with lower temperature.
2013(4):93-96.
Abstract:
CO2 geological storage and deep saline water recovery（CO2 Enhanced Water Recovery , CO2-EWR）system, as a new CCUS （CO2 capture, utilization, and storage）technology, is a win-win choice for enhancement of China’s energy security and promotion of western development. A large number of sedimentary basins are distributed in the mainland and continental shelf of China, which have a large volume of saline water layer for storage of CO2. The reliable and reasonable assessment of CO2 storage capacity and water recovery is an important prerequisite for storage site selection. In this paper, the universal pyramid method is adopted to assess the CO2 storage capacity for 25 major sedimentary basins. Three typical sedimentary basins are chosen to develop example models to determine the potential driven water quantity using the volume ratio between basins and the example models based on the deposition and inflow characteristics. The results show that the total storage capacity of CO2 in the deep saline water layers of 25 major sedimentary basins is about 1191.95×108 t, which is equal to 14.13 times of the total CO2 emission of China in 2010. The potential driven water is about 40.90×108 t, which is enough for 10 coal chemical enterprises with 20 years of operation. The sedimentary basin has a large distribution in the western region of China and the driven water resources quantity is abundant which can alleviate the water resources shortage problem during the production of energy.
CO2 geological storage and deep saline water recovery（CO2 Enhanced Water Recovery , CO2-EWR）system, as a new CCUS （CO2 capture, utilization, and storage）technology, is a win-win choice for enhancement of China’s energy security and promotion of western development. A large number of sedimentary basins are distributed in the mainland and continental shelf of China, which have a large volume of saline water layer for storage of CO2. The reliable and reasonable assessment of CO2 storage capacity and water recovery is an important prerequisite for storage site selection. In this paper, the universal pyramid method is adopted to assess the CO2 storage capacity for 25 major sedimentary basins. Three typical sedimentary basins are chosen to develop example models to determine the potential driven water quantity using the volume ratio between basins and the example models based on the deposition and inflow characteristics. The results show that the total storage capacity of CO2 in the deep saline water layers of 25 major sedimentary basins is about 1191.95×108 t, which is equal to 14.13 times of the total CO2 emission of China in 2010. The potential driven water is about 40.90×108 t, which is enough for 10 coal chemical enterprises with 20 years of operation. The sedimentary basin has a large distribution in the western region of China and the driven water resources quantity is abundant which can alleviate the water resources shortage problem during the production of energy.
2013(4):97-100.
Abstract:
In regions where rivers are not perennial or have low flow conditions, the seepage wells are placed in the riverbed to obtain the uninterrupted supply of naturally filtered groundwater through highly permeable saturated riverbed aquifers. However, various flow patterns of “seepage well-aquifer” exist when water is taken by seepage wells. Due to the complexity of flow conditions, there is no analytical solution to characterize the boundary conditions accurately. To overcome this difficulty, a coupled “seepage-pipe flow” numerical model was developed for simulating water-taking by seepage wells using the equivalent hydraulic conductivity to couple different mediums and flow patterns inside and outside the pipe. The numerical model was applied for groundwater exploitation by seepage wells in the Zaolinping water source area in Suide County of Shanxi Province. The model was used to calculate the water yields in the normal and dry seasons and the allowable water yield was determined to be 47600 m3/d. The results showed that the proposed coupled seepage-pipe flow model can reflect the flow conditions for water-taking by seepage wells, which has theoretical significances for guiding the exploration, design, and construction of seepage wells.
In regions where rivers are not perennial or have low flow conditions, the seepage wells are placed in the riverbed to obtain the uninterrupted supply of naturally filtered groundwater through highly permeable saturated riverbed aquifers. However, various flow patterns of “seepage well-aquifer” exist when water is taken by seepage wells. Due to the complexity of flow conditions, there is no analytical solution to characterize the boundary conditions accurately. To overcome this difficulty, a coupled “seepage-pipe flow” numerical model was developed for simulating water-taking by seepage wells using the equivalent hydraulic conductivity to couple different mediums and flow patterns inside and outside the pipe. The numerical model was applied for groundwater exploitation by seepage wells in the Zaolinping water source area in Suide County of Shanxi Province. The model was used to calculate the water yields in the normal and dry seasons and the allowable water yield was determined to be 47600 m3/d. The results showed that the proposed coupled seepage-pipe flow model can reflect the flow conditions for water-taking by seepage wells, which has theoretical significances for guiding the exploration, design, and construction of seepage wells.
2013(4):101-104.
Abstract:
The large number of collapse and landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake had caused a lot of casualties. After the earthquake, the deposits from the collapse and landslide became the primary source for debris flows, which greatly increased the occurrence of earthquake-induced hazards. In order to carry out the hazards prevention work, this paper selected the 8.13 debris flows in the Bayi Gully as the example to investigate its initiation conditions. Field investigation and remote sensing measures were used, and three fundamental conditions to initiate the debris flows were analyzed including landform, soil source, and water source. The results suggested the initiation conditions were favor for the occurrence of debris flows. Additionally, the analytical method applied in this paper can provide references for the study of debris flows under similar conditions.
The large number of collapse and landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake had caused a lot of casualties. After the earthquake, the deposits from the collapse and landslide became the primary source for debris flows, which greatly increased the occurrence of earthquake-induced hazards. In order to carry out the hazards prevention work, this paper selected the 8.13 debris flows in the Bayi Gully as the example to investigate its initiation conditions. Field investigation and remote sensing measures were used, and three fundamental conditions to initiate the debris flows were analyzed including landform, soil source, and water source. The results suggested the initiation conditions were favor for the occurrence of debris flows. Additionally, the analytical method applied in this paper can provide references for the study of debris flows under similar conditions.
2013(4):105-108.
Abstract:
In order to exploit groundwater reasonably and effectively, a scientific designof exploitation plan is very important. In the Hehe water source region of Shenmu Country in the north of Shaanxi province, three groundwater exploitation schemes with horizontal wells were selected including the gallery, radial well, and seepage well. Each scheme had several exploitation plans with 20 plans designed for gallery, 2 for radial well, and 2 for seepage well. Numerical simulations of groundwater flow under different schemes were performed using Visual MODFLOW based on the theories of "equivalent permeability coefficient" and "seepage - pipe coupling model", and the water yields in the normal season and dry season were calculated for each exploitation plan. In consideration of the factors such as the attenuation degree of water yield in the dry season, construction difficulty and cost, and management complexity, the plan of “4 seepage wells to exploit groundwater” was regarded as the best plan. The total water yield was 35400 m3/d in the normal season and 27500 m3/d in the dry season under this exploitation plan in the study area.
In order to exploit groundwater reasonably and effectively, a scientific designof exploitation plan is very important. In the Hehe water source region of Shenmu Country in the north of Shaanxi province, three groundwater exploitation schemes with horizontal wells were selected including the gallery, radial well, and seepage well. Each scheme had several exploitation plans with 20 plans designed for gallery, 2 for radial well, and 2 for seepage well. Numerical simulations of groundwater flow under different schemes were performed using Visual MODFLOW based on the theories of "equivalent permeability coefficient" and "seepage - pipe coupling model", and the water yields in the normal season and dry season were calculated for each exploitation plan. In consideration of the factors such as the attenuation degree of water yield in the dry season, construction difficulty and cost, and management complexity, the plan of “4 seepage wells to exploit groundwater” was regarded as the best plan. The total water yield was 35400 m3/d in the normal season and 27500 m3/d in the dry season under this exploitation plan in the study area.
2013(4):109-113.
Abstract:
The water resource explorations in Yinan and Feixian of Shandong Province, the geophysical exploration, well constructions and hydrogeological tests were conducted to investigate the hydrogeological conditions in Songlin, Xiliugou, Xiangjing, and Yanhezhuang. . Two typical occurrence models of groundwater in the carbonate regions in South Shandong were summarized including the water storage structure model with faults and water storage structure model with fracture-karst. Water storage structure model with faults is mainly distributed in the lower and middle Cambrian System and it is not uniformly or widely distributed. The water effluent effect mainly depends on the distribution and tenso-shear property of the fault, and the recharge source of groundwater, while it isn’t related with the topography. However, water storage structure model with fracture-karst is mainly distributed in the Ordovician System and upper Cambrian System and it is widely spread. This model has good water effluent effects. The analysis of two typical occurrence models of groundwater can provide ideas for groundwater exploration in the carbonate water deficit regions.
The water resource explorations in Yinan and Feixian of Shandong Province, the geophysical exploration, well constructions and hydrogeological tests were conducted to investigate the hydrogeological conditions in Songlin, Xiliugou, Xiangjing, and Yanhezhuang. . Two typical occurrence models of groundwater in the carbonate regions in South Shandong were summarized including the water storage structure model with faults and water storage structure model with fracture-karst. Water storage structure model with faults is mainly distributed in the lower and middle Cambrian System and it is not uniformly or widely distributed. The water effluent effect mainly depends on the distribution and tenso-shear property of the fault, and the recharge source of groundwater, while it isn’t related with the topography. However, water storage structure model with fracture-karst is mainly distributed in the Ordovician System and upper Cambrian System and it is widely spread. This model has good water effluent effects. The analysis of two typical occurrence models of groundwater can provide ideas for groundwater exploration in the carbonate water deficit regions.
2013(4):114-118.
Abstract:
Water regulation system is one of the core compositions of automatic dispatching system of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MSNWDP). The survey data such as the canal water level, flow rate, and sluice gate opening a collected by monitoring devices reflect the real-time state of water transfer control in the canal, and they are the necessary input data for the water regulation system. Consequently, an appropriate data transfer approach is needed between the water regulation system and sluice gate monitoring system. Based on the basic principle and data access specification of OPC technique, this paper proposed an OPC-based system integration scheme to retrieve the real-time survey data from sluice gate monitoring system and to send control orders back to sluice gate monitoring system. The implementation of water regulation system in the Jingshi Section of MSNWDP suggested that the proposed OPC-based integration scheme can better realize the data transfer between the two systems with the reduction of the integration cost and improvement of the system stability and flexibility.
Water regulation system is one of the core compositions of automatic dispatching system of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MSNWDP). The survey data such as the canal water level, flow rate, and sluice gate opening a collected by monitoring devices reflect the real-time state of water transfer control in the canal, and they are the necessary input data for the water regulation system. Consequently, an appropriate data transfer approach is needed between the water regulation system and sluice gate monitoring system. Based on the basic principle and data access specification of OPC technique, this paper proposed an OPC-based system integration scheme to retrieve the real-time survey data from sluice gate monitoring system and to send control orders back to sluice gate monitoring system. The implementation of water regulation system in the Jingshi Section of MSNWDP suggested that the proposed OPC-based integration scheme can better realize the data transfer between the two systems with the reduction of the integration cost and improvement of the system stability and flexibility.
2013(4):119-123.
Abstract:
The ecological environment of the water source area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has outstanding issues, and the construction of integrated information monitoring system platform based on GIS is beneficial for the ecological environment protection of the water source area. Based on the study of application of GIS in the ecological environment monitoring, the construction of ecological environment monitoring system of water source area includes the following aspects: the countermeasures of ecological environment monitoring, construction of monitoring index system, design of monitoring system platform structure, and daily application of the monitoring system platform, and the monitoring system platform is illustrated in details. The system can be divided into four layers from top to bottom according to the application logic, including the application layer, intermediate layer, data layer, and remote monitoring layer. The monitoring system platform adopts the model construction of the combination of B/S and C/S structures. The platform function structure has eight databases and six application subsystems.
The ecological environment of the water source area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has outstanding issues, and the construction of integrated information monitoring system platform based on GIS is beneficial for the ecological environment protection of the water source area. Based on the study of application of GIS in the ecological environment monitoring, the construction of ecological environment monitoring system of water source area includes the following aspects: the countermeasures of ecological environment monitoring, construction of monitoring index system, design of monitoring system platform structure, and daily application of the monitoring system platform, and the monitoring system platform is illustrated in details. The system can be divided into four layers from top to bottom according to the application logic, including the application layer, intermediate layer, data layer, and remote monitoring layer. The monitoring system platform adopts the model construction of the combination of B/S and C/S structures. The platform function structure has eight databases and six application subsystems.
2013(4):124-127.
Abstract:
The analysis of the night minimum flow data in the Districted Metered Area (DMA) of the water distribution system can characterize the real loss of DMA. The high-frequency and high-accuracy measured night flow data were analyzed, which indicated that the night flow data of DMA at different time periods are in normal distribution and the lowest night flow data is close to the real loss of DMA. In this study, the minimum night flow data from 2 AM to 4 AM in the early morning were analyzed based on the confidence level of 95.5% and confidence interval of (m-2d, m+2d).. The results showed that the minimum night flow of DMA after removing the abnormal values characterized by m-2dcan eliminate the effects of error and interference of measured data, and therefore obtain the real loss of DMA. This method can lower the evaluation error of night water demand, and facilitate the in-situ meter flow measurement to assess the DMA leakage level quickly.
The analysis of the night minimum flow data in the Districted Metered Area (DMA) of the water distribution system can characterize the real loss of DMA. The high-frequency and high-accuracy measured night flow data were analyzed, which indicated that the night flow data of DMA at different time periods are in normal distribution and the lowest night flow data is close to the real loss of DMA. In this study, the minimum night flow data from 2 AM to 4 AM in the early morning were analyzed based on the confidence level of 95.5% and confidence interval of (m-2d, m+2d).. The results showed that the minimum night flow of DMA after removing the abnormal values characterized by m-2dcan eliminate the effects of error and interference of measured data, and therefore obtain the real loss of DMA. This method can lower the evaluation error of night water demand, and facilitate the in-situ meter flow measurement to assess the DMA leakage level quickly.
2013(4):128-133.
Abstract:
As a quantitative indicator of drought, drought index plays an important role in the monitoring and forecasting of drought and water resources management, and it is also a useful research tool in the field of hydrology and water resources. Over the last decade, the primary progress in the development and improvement of drought index involved the introduction of evapotranspiration as a factor of the index calculation, which can improve the parameter accuracy in model simulation and combine with the model algorithm of hydrological process. The application of drought index included the inversion and prediction of regional drought, crop yield prediction, forest fire detection, and paleoclimate reconstruction. The development and application of drought index provided an effective tool for regional drought monitoring and water resources management; however, the quantification and comprehensive evaluation of drought index should be considered as research priorities, which can help improve the accuracy and reliability of model monitoring and thus provide new options and technical approaches for rapid monitoring of drought.
As a quantitative indicator of drought, drought index plays an important role in the monitoring and forecasting of drought and water resources management, and it is also a useful research tool in the field of hydrology and water resources. Over the last decade, the primary progress in the development and improvement of drought index involved the introduction of evapotranspiration as a factor of the index calculation, which can improve the parameter accuracy in model simulation and combine with the model algorithm of hydrological process. The application of drought index included the inversion and prediction of regional drought, crop yield prediction, forest fire detection, and paleoclimate reconstruction. The development and application of drought index provided an effective tool for regional drought monitoring and water resources management; however, the quantification and comprehensive evaluation of drought index should be considered as research priorities, which can help improve the accuracy and reliability of model monitoring and thus provide new options and technical approaches for rapid monitoring of drought.
2013(4):134-139.
Abstract:
Firstly, the paper lists?the?development progress of?water?related?geostationary satellites. The development course of geostationary satellites is introduced, and the parameters of mainstream geostationary satellites in different countries are compared from aspects of detector?accuracy, coverage,?imaging time,?data transmission,?and?attitude control?mode. It points out that geostationary satellites have the capabilities of continuous, synchronous, large-scale,?and multi-angle observation of the earth; therefore they can not only be used for?weather forecasting and?meteorology,?but also can meet?the application requirements in other?non-meteorological?fields including the water conservancy. Secondly, the paper introduces the?application status of geostationary satellites in water conservancy, analyzes the related parameters of geostationary satellites in water conservancy application, lists the application examples of geostationary satellites in in?hydrological monitoring, flood and droughts?monitoring, and?water transport, and analyzes the feasibility of geostationary satellites in water conservancy. It points out that ?the?satellite?sensor performance and the limitation of applied technology?in?water conservancy are the main reason for the poor application of geostationary satellites in water conservancy; therefore the research and development investment needs to be increased for the stable, high precision, and various sensors. Finally, this paper proposes the future development direction such as the improvement of data?processing?and?assimilation technology, which can help strengthen the application abilities of geostationary satellites in water conservancy.
Firstly, the paper lists?the?development progress of?water?related?geostationary satellites. The development course of geostationary satellites is introduced, and the parameters of mainstream geostationary satellites in different countries are compared from aspects of detector?accuracy, coverage,?imaging time,?data transmission,?and?attitude control?mode. It points out that geostationary satellites have the capabilities of continuous, synchronous, large-scale,?and multi-angle observation of the earth; therefore they can not only be used for?weather forecasting and?meteorology,?but also can meet?the application requirements in other?non-meteorological?fields including the water conservancy. Secondly, the paper introduces the?application status of geostationary satellites in water conservancy, analyzes the related parameters of geostationary satellites in water conservancy application, lists the application examples of geostationary satellites in in?hydrological monitoring, flood and droughts?monitoring, and?water transport, and analyzes the feasibility of geostationary satellites in water conservancy. It points out that ?the?satellite?sensor performance and the limitation of applied technology?in?water conservancy are the main reason for the poor application of geostationary satellites in water conservancy; therefore the research and development investment needs to be increased for the stable, high precision, and various sensors. Finally, this paper proposes the future development direction such as the improvement of data?processing?and?assimilation technology, which can help strengthen the application abilities of geostationary satellites in water conservancy.
2013(4):140-144.
Abstract:
Xichuan County is located at the headwork of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, thus its regional economic development and ecological environmental change are affected by the project, and it can also affect the water quality of the project. In this paper, based on the land use/cover maps of year 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008, the ecosystem service values and their dynamic variation characteristics of Xichuan County were calculated and analyzed for the four years. The results indicated that the highest ecosystem service value of Xichuan County was 3382.51 million RMB in 1995. Due to the effects of human activities, the ecosystem service value of Xichuan County had lost 348.37 million RMB from 1995 to 2008, and the decreasing of cultivated land and water body was the main reason. The ecosystem service values of woodland, cultivated land, and water body accounted for 90% of the total value. The water conservation, waste treatment, and bio-diversity protection were the top three ecological functions and their ecosystem service values accounted for 50% of the total value. The ecosystem service value of Xichuan County lost 736.50 million RMB from 1995 to 2000. With the gradual implementation of the ecological environment construction of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the ecosystem service value of Xichuan County began to increase from 2000 and 2008 and reached 3034.13 million RMB in 2008. Moreover, the ratio of ecosystem service value to GDP has decreased since 2000, which indicated the existence of ecological environment protection and economic development in Xichuan County.
Xichuan County is located at the headwork of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, thus its regional economic development and ecological environmental change are affected by the project, and it can also affect the water quality of the project. In this paper, based on the land use/cover maps of year 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008, the ecosystem service values and their dynamic variation characteristics of Xichuan County were calculated and analyzed for the four years. The results indicated that the highest ecosystem service value of Xichuan County was 3382.51 million RMB in 1995. Due to the effects of human activities, the ecosystem service value of Xichuan County had lost 348.37 million RMB from 1995 to 2008, and the decreasing of cultivated land and water body was the main reason. The ecosystem service values of woodland, cultivated land, and water body accounted for 90% of the total value. The water conservation, waste treatment, and bio-diversity protection were the top three ecological functions and their ecosystem service values accounted for 50% of the total value. The ecosystem service value of Xichuan County lost 736.50 million RMB from 1995 to 2000. With the gradual implementation of the ecological environment construction of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the ecosystem service value of Xichuan County began to increase from 2000 and 2008 and reached 3034.13 million RMB in 2008. Moreover, the ratio of ecosystem service value to GDP has decreased since 2000, which indicated the existence of ecological environment protection and economic development in Xichuan County.
2013(4):145-148.
Abstract:
Water use structure, water pollution discharge structure, and industrial structure interact with each other, therefore knowledge of the evolution characteristics of current industrial water use and pollution discharge structure plays an important role in optimizing the industrial structure. In this paper, the comparable price input-output tables considering water use and pollution discharge were developed to analyze the evolution characteristics of water use and pollution discharge structure of Jiangsu Province from 1997 to 2007 from four aspects—water use, water pollution, water use characteristics (water use efficiency and profit), and water pollution characteristics (pollution discharge efficiency and profit) with the application of information entropy theory. The results showed that (1) the water use structure tends to develop orderly and its equilibrium degree has weakened; (2) the development of water pollution discharge structure is out of order and its equilibrium degree has increased; (3) the water use characteristics structure tends to develop orderly, and its equilibrium degree has weakened; and (4) the water pollution efficiency structure is in opposite development compared with the water efficiency structure.
Water use structure, water pollution discharge structure, and industrial structure interact with each other, therefore knowledge of the evolution characteristics of current industrial water use and pollution discharge structure plays an important role in optimizing the industrial structure. In this paper, the comparable price input-output tables considering water use and pollution discharge were developed to analyze the evolution characteristics of water use and pollution discharge structure of Jiangsu Province from 1997 to 2007 from four aspects—water use, water pollution, water use characteristics (water use efficiency and profit), and water pollution characteristics (pollution discharge efficiency and profit) with the application of information entropy theory. The results showed that (1) the water use structure tends to develop orderly and its equilibrium degree has weakened; (2) the development of water pollution discharge structure is out of order and its equilibrium degree has increased; (3) the water use characteristics structure tends to develop orderly, and its equilibrium degree has weakened; and (4) the water pollution efficiency structure is in opposite development compared with the water efficiency structure.
2013(4):149-152.
Abstract:
The model of coordinated development of water resources and economy was used to investigate the spatial distribution of coordinated development of water resources and economy in Anhui Province using the data in the normal flow year of 2005. The results showed that the regional difference of the coordinated development degree of water resources and economy is significant between different cities in Anhui province. There were two outstanding types: extremely incoordination with high utilization ratio of water resources (five cities) and coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources (six cities), and other cities showed coordination with moderate utilization ratio of water resources. The five cities (Hefei, Wuhu, Maanshan, Tongling, and Huainan) showing incoordination with high utilization ratio of water resources had the highest per capita GDP , whereas the three cities (Fuyang, Bozhou, and Suzhou) showing coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources had the lowest per capita GDP . Moreover, the three cities (Xuanchen, Chizhou, and Huangshan) showing coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources had the highest per capita water resources. Further, Huaibei and Wuhu had similar population and water resources quantity, but the coordination degree was significantly different, and the differences of GDP and water consumption between the two cities were about 2 to 3 times. Consequently, the different level of socio-economic development and the resulting water consumption difference were the basic causes for the difference of coordinated development between water resources and social economy. Compared with previous studies, the results in this study were in good agreement that the coordination degree and the indicator of socio-economic drought are two main indexes to measure the sustainable development of water resources, especially in the area with a higher economic development level.
The model of coordinated development of water resources and economy was used to investigate the spatial distribution of coordinated development of water resources and economy in Anhui Province using the data in the normal flow year of 2005. The results showed that the regional difference of the coordinated development degree of water resources and economy is significant between different cities in Anhui province. There were two outstanding types: extremely incoordination with high utilization ratio of water resources (five cities) and coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources (six cities), and other cities showed coordination with moderate utilization ratio of water resources. The five cities (Hefei, Wuhu, Maanshan, Tongling, and Huainan) showing incoordination with high utilization ratio of water resources had the highest per capita GDP , whereas the three cities (Fuyang, Bozhou, and Suzhou) showing coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources had the lowest per capita GDP . Moreover, the three cities (Xuanchen, Chizhou, and Huangshan) showing coordination with low utilization ratio of water resources had the highest per capita water resources. Further, Huaibei and Wuhu had similar population and water resources quantity, but the coordination degree was significantly different, and the differences of GDP and water consumption between the two cities were about 2 to 3 times. Consequently, the different level of socio-economic development and the resulting water consumption difference were the basic causes for the difference of coordinated development between water resources and social economy. Compared with previous studies, the results in this study were in good agreement that the coordination degree and the indicator of socio-economic drought are two main indexes to measure the sustainable development of water resources, especially in the area with a higher economic development level.
2013(4):153-156.
Abstract:
Numerous studies have shown that water conservancy investment has played an important role in promoting food production. In order to investigate the promotion mechanism and impact level of agricultural water conservancy investment on the grain production capacity, we used the historical data in Heilongjiang Province to establish a VAR model to analyze the effects of agricultural water conservancy investment. The results showed that the water conservancy investment has a significantly positive impact on the comprehensive grain production capacity, and this impact is realized through the reduction of natural disasters such as flood and adjustment of crop structure. Moreover, this impact has time lag and is mainly effective in the period of 3 to 6 years after the water conservancy construction. On this basis, we proposed several measures including increasing support efforts of water conservancy construction in the main production area, varying the investment and fund management mode, and focusing on investment countermeasures based on local conditions.
Numerous studies have shown that water conservancy investment has played an important role in promoting food production. In order to investigate the promotion mechanism and impact level of agricultural water conservancy investment on the grain production capacity, we used the historical data in Heilongjiang Province to establish a VAR model to analyze the effects of agricultural water conservancy investment. The results showed that the water conservancy investment has a significantly positive impact on the comprehensive grain production capacity, and this impact is realized through the reduction of natural disasters such as flood and adjustment of crop structure. Moreover, this impact has time lag and is mainly effective in the period of 3 to 6 years after the water conservancy construction. On this basis, we proposed several measures including increasing support efforts of water conservancy construction in the main production area, varying the investment and fund management mode, and focusing on investment countermeasures based on local conditions.
2013(4):157-160.
Abstract:
According to the municipal water utilization data in Kaifeng, the amount of reused sewage from agricultural irrigation, municipal, and industrial water consumption were calculated. Because the sewage reuse in agricultural irrigation involves many environmental problems, this paper analyzes the impacts of sewage irrigation on the As and Pb contents in soil, wheat quality, quality of groundwater, and health of the residents in the irrigation district. In addition, based on the basic cost-effectiveness theory, the market value method, shadow engineering method, and human capital method were selected to calculate the direct and indirect benefits resulting from irrigation. These benefits were converted to the benefit of one cubic meter of water.Finally, the net benefit of sewage irrigation was obtained by comparing the irrigation cost and benefit of one cubic meter of water, which offered the insights for the cost benefit of sewage reuse in agricultural irrigation in Kaifeng.
According to the municipal water utilization data in Kaifeng, the amount of reused sewage from agricultural irrigation, municipal, and industrial water consumption were calculated. Because the sewage reuse in agricultural irrigation involves many environmental problems, this paper analyzes the impacts of sewage irrigation on the As and Pb contents in soil, wheat quality, quality of groundwater, and health of the residents in the irrigation district. In addition, based on the basic cost-effectiveness theory, the market value method, shadow engineering method, and human capital method were selected to calculate the direct and indirect benefits resulting from irrigation. These benefits were converted to the benefit of one cubic meter of water.Finally, the net benefit of sewage irrigation was obtained by comparing the irrigation cost and benefit of one cubic meter of water, which offered the insights for the cost benefit of sewage reuse in agricultural irrigation in Kaifeng.
2013(4):161-165.
Abstract:
With the rapid development of water conservancy modernization, the construction of rural water conservancy modernization received more attention. The rural water conservancy modernization was necessary and urgent from aspect of macro-strategy. The critical issue was agricultural non-point source pollution during the construction of rural water conservancy modernization, and the environment-friendly agriculture was the fundamental approach to reduce the pollution. Some measures were proposed to develop the environment-friendly agriculture and implement the strictest water resources management system.
With the rapid development of water conservancy modernization, the construction of rural water conservancy modernization received more attention. The rural water conservancy modernization was necessary and urgent from aspect of macro-strategy. The critical issue was agricultural non-point source pollution during the construction of rural water conservancy modernization, and the environment-friendly agriculture was the fundamental approach to reduce the pollution. Some measures were proposed to develop the environment-friendly agriculture and implement the strictest water resources management system.
2013(4):166-170.
Abstract:
Development of an effective inter-governmental horizontal cooperative mechanism is an important solution to improve the trans-boundary water environment management in China. Much efforts has been performed and desired results have been achieved in the international trans-boundary water co-management, cooperation among different ministries in China, trans-boundary water cooperation among local governments, and departmental cooperation inside one government. At present, the horizontal cooperation among governments is carried out through the agreements, planning, joint action, and joint conference, and these methods generally involve different departments of the government. The content of the cooperation includes the law, policy, institution, and information sharing, monitoring and assessment. However, due to the existing problems in the law, cooperative mechanism, and technical support, the inter-governmental horizontal cooperative mechanism did not act significantly effectively in China and the contamination in trans-boundary surface water is still severe. Therefore, several countermeasures were proposed in this paper, including the improvement of system and structure of the cooperative mechanism, strengthening of the core content of cooperative mechanism, enrichment of realization solutions of cooperative mechanism, and improvement of the secure conditions of cooperative mechanism.
Development of an effective inter-governmental horizontal cooperative mechanism is an important solution to improve the trans-boundary water environment management in China. Much efforts has been performed and desired results have been achieved in the international trans-boundary water co-management, cooperation among different ministries in China, trans-boundary water cooperation among local governments, and departmental cooperation inside one government. At present, the horizontal cooperation among governments is carried out through the agreements, planning, joint action, and joint conference, and these methods generally involve different departments of the government. The content of the cooperation includes the law, policy, institution, and information sharing, monitoring and assessment. However, due to the existing problems in the law, cooperative mechanism, and technical support, the inter-governmental horizontal cooperative mechanism did not act significantly effectively in China and the contamination in trans-boundary surface water is still severe. Therefore, several countermeasures were proposed in this paper, including the improvement of system and structure of the cooperative mechanism, strengthening of the core content of cooperative mechanism, enrichment of realization solutions of cooperative mechanism, and improvement of the secure conditions of cooperative mechanism.
2013(4):171-173.
Abstract:
On the basis of the relevant laws, regulations, policies, and law measures of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the current construction situation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the operation, management, and protection of the Project after the completion of construction are analyzed in this paper. The lessons and experiences of the construction management of infrastructure from similar water diversion projects among different regions are used as references. The needed construction of legal system and relevant measures of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project are discussed.
On the basis of the relevant laws, regulations, policies, and law measures of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the current construction situation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the operation, management, and protection of the Project after the completion of construction are analyzed in this paper. The lessons and experiences of the construction management of infrastructure from similar water diversion projects among different regions are used as references. The needed construction of legal system and relevant measures of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project are discussed.
2013(4):200-205.
Abstract:
The inlet slope of Spillway tunnel at a hydropower station is reinforced with the prestressed anchor cable. The reasonable selection of anchor parameters affects the reliability and economy of engineering reinforcement directly. In this paper, sensitivity analysis was performed on four anchor parameters (anchor angle Φ, anchoring force T, anchor spacing H, and anchor cable length L ) of the anchor slope, and the finite element method was used for parameter optimization design based on the results of sensitivity analysis to obtain the best anchor parameters for reinforcement of prestressed anchor cable. The results can offer valuable references to improve the reinforcement effects of excavation slope and reduce the cost of project design and construction.
The inlet slope of Spillway tunnel at a hydropower station is reinforced with the prestressed anchor cable. The reasonable selection of anchor parameters affects the reliability and economy of engineering reinforcement directly. In this paper, sensitivity analysis was performed on four anchor parameters (anchor angle Φ, anchoring force T, anchor spacing H, and anchor cable length L ) of the anchor slope, and the finite element method was used for parameter optimization design based on the results of sensitivity analysis to obtain the best anchor parameters for reinforcement of prestressed anchor cable. The results can offer valuable references to improve the reinforcement effects of excavation slope and reduce the cost of project design and construction.
40 Finite Element Analysis of Dam Slope Stability of Jinfoshan Asphalt Concrete Core Wall Rock-fill Dam
2013(4):206-210.
Abstract:
The finite element strength reduction method was used to analyze the upstream and downstream dam slope stability of Jinfoshan asphalt concrete core wall rock-fill dam under different working conditions including the completion period, impoundment period, and sudden water-level decreasing period. The results showed that the dam slope safety coefficients meet the standard requirements under the completion, impoundment, and sudden water-level decreasing periods. Compared with the limit equilibrium analysis method, the finite element strength reduction method can overcome the disadvantages of limit equilibrium analysis method to determine the specific location of slide surface and the size of sliding mass in the analysis of slide surface and plastic area, but the results determined by the finite element strength reduction method were safer. Therefore, the combination of the two methods to analyze the slope stability can provide more reasonable results.
The finite element strength reduction method was used to analyze the upstream and downstream dam slope stability of Jinfoshan asphalt concrete core wall rock-fill dam under different working conditions including the completion period, impoundment period, and sudden water-level decreasing period. The results showed that the dam slope safety coefficients meet the standard requirements under the completion, impoundment, and sudden water-level decreasing periods. Compared with the limit equilibrium analysis method, the finite element strength reduction method can overcome the disadvantages of limit equilibrium analysis method to determine the specific location of slide surface and the size of sliding mass in the analysis of slide surface and plastic area, but the results determined by the finite element strength reduction method were safer. Therefore, the combination of the two methods to analyze the slope stability can provide more reasonable results.
2013(4):211-214.
Abstract:
In the mountain area with complex terrain, the water conservancy and hydropower engineering tunnel generally has the following unfavorable characteristics for construction including the existence of a long single tunnel, large spacing between construction adits, small cross-section, and construction interference. The application of shaft articulated chute for vertical transportation of concrete within the tunnel can effectively solve the above problems and expedite the construction progress, because it can increase the working face of concrete lining and decrease construction interference without adding construction adits. Moreover, the utilization of H-type descent control device can effectively control the descending velocity of concrete under high-drop conditions; therefore it can solve the problems of wearing, impacting, and damaging of articulated chute and the receiving mixer truck caused by concrete mixture, and can guarantee the equipment service life, construction safety, and concrete engineering quality.
In the mountain area with complex terrain, the water conservancy and hydropower engineering tunnel generally has the following unfavorable characteristics for construction including the existence of a long single tunnel, large spacing between construction adits, small cross-section, and construction interference. The application of shaft articulated chute for vertical transportation of concrete within the tunnel can effectively solve the above problems and expedite the construction progress, because it can increase the working face of concrete lining and decrease construction interference without adding construction adits. Moreover, the utilization of H-type descent control device can effectively control the descending velocity of concrete under high-drop conditions; therefore it can solve the problems of wearing, impacting, and damaging of articulated chute and the receiving mixer truck caused by concrete mixture, and can guarantee the equipment service life, construction safety, and concrete engineering quality.
2013(4):215-218.
Abstract:
The initial rainwater runoff is the main source of pollution for receiving water bodies, and using the rainwater depth to define and then intercept the initial rainwater runoff can lower the pollution of receiving water bodies. In order to facilitate the effective engineering measures in the early closure of runoff, the basic standard limit values of grade V water in "the people's Republic of China environmental quality standard for surface water" (GB 3838-2002) were used as the basis. The rainwater runoff with higher pollution index values than the standard limits were defined as the initial rainwater runoff, and therefore the late-stage rainwater runoff had the pollution index values equal to or lower than the standard limits, which were expressed by the rainfall volume in unit time. Based on this, the reinforced concrete pipe (full flow) calculation chart was used to determine the diameter of intercepting tube, and the overflow weir type was used to intercept the flow. Verified by the practical engineering, the intercepting effect was remarkable and easy for engineering implementation.
The initial rainwater runoff is the main source of pollution for receiving water bodies, and using the rainwater depth to define and then intercept the initial rainwater runoff can lower the pollution of receiving water bodies. In order to facilitate the effective engineering measures in the early closure of runoff, the basic standard limit values of grade V water in "the people's Republic of China environmental quality standard for surface water" (GB 3838-2002) were used as the basis. The rainwater runoff with higher pollution index values than the standard limits were defined as the initial rainwater runoff, and therefore the late-stage rainwater runoff had the pollution index values equal to or lower than the standard limits, which were expressed by the rainfall volume in unit time. Based on this, the reinforced concrete pipe (full flow) calculation chart was used to determine the diameter of intercepting tube, and the overflow weir type was used to intercept the flow. Verified by the practical engineering, the intercepting effect was remarkable and easy for engineering implementation.
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