Issue 5,2013 Table of Contents
2013(5):1-5.
Abstract:
Based on a systematic summary of the studies on decoupling theory and relevant methods, the decoupling elasticity model is was employed to study investigate the decoupling relationships (DRs)DRs of between total water use (TWU) and provincial GDP, agricultural water use (AWU) and agriculturale added value (AAV), as well asand industrial water use (IWU) and industrial added value (IAV), respectively, which were used in order to comprehensively to analyze the dynamic relationship between water use and economic development of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces during the period from 2001 to 2010, the first ten years for of the Great Western Development Strategy in China. The results indicated that the overall DR betweenof water use and economic development is highly undesirable in both of the two provinces. Specifically, among the three groups of DRs, the DR of AWU is was the worst with strong or weak coupling in half5 of the 10 years in the two provinces; the DR of IWU is slightly better with strong coupling respectively in 3 of the 10 years in Yunnan and in 2 of the 10 years in Guizhou; and while the DR of TWU is the best with strong or weak decoupling in 7 of the 10 years in the two provinces. It is believed that tThe slow economic growth, low water use efficiency, and as well as unreasonable water use structure are were the three main factors to cause the unfavorable decoupling relationships. The five-year based DR has been improved in the 11th FYP if compared with that in the 10th FYP, which means suggested the Great Western Development Strategy plays a positive role in coordinating the relationship between water use and economic development.
Based on a systematic summary of the studies on decoupling theory and relevant methods, the decoupling elasticity model is was employed to study investigate the decoupling relationships (DRs)DRs of between total water use (TWU) and provincial GDP, agricultural water use (AWU) and agriculturale added value (AAV), as well asand industrial water use (IWU) and industrial added value (IAV), respectively, which were used in order to comprehensively to analyze the dynamic relationship between water use and economic development of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces during the period from 2001 to 2010, the first ten years for of the Great Western Development Strategy in China. The results indicated that the overall DR betweenof water use and economic development is highly undesirable in both of the two provinces. Specifically, among the three groups of DRs, the DR of AWU is was the worst with strong or weak coupling in half5 of the 10 years in the two provinces; the DR of IWU is slightly better with strong coupling respectively in 3 of the 10 years in Yunnan and in 2 of the 10 years in Guizhou; and while the DR of TWU is the best with strong or weak decoupling in 7 of the 10 years in the two provinces. It is believed that tThe slow economic growth, low water use efficiency, and as well as unreasonable water use structure are were the three main factors to cause the unfavorable decoupling relationships. The five-year based DR has been improved in the 11th FYP if compared with that in the 10th FYP, which means suggested the Great Western Development Strategy plays a positive role in coordinating the relationship between water use and economic development.
2013(5):6-10.
Abstract:
According to the daily precipitation and the runoff data of the Luanxian station in the Luanhe River Basin from 1950 to 2009, the mathematical statistics method was applied in this study to analyze the inter-annual, inter-generation, and annual variation characteristics and trend of runoff, and to investigate the variation of precipitation in the Luanhe River Basin to help discover the effects of precipitation and human activities to runoff. The results showed that both the inter-annual and inter-generation runoff variations are apparent in the Luanhe River Basin, and high flow period occurred from 1950 to 1979 and low flow period appeared after 1980. Furthermore, the annual runoff of the Luanhe River Basin was unevenly distributed with 66.2% of runoff occurring from July to September. Both the runoff and precipitation of the Luanhe River Basin had the significant decreasing trend. During the period of 1959 to 1968, the increasing runoff in the Luanhe River Basin can be attributed to both the precipitation and human activities; while during the period of 1969 to 2009, human activity was the main reason for the decreasing of runoff.
According to the daily precipitation and the runoff data of the Luanxian station in the Luanhe River Basin from 1950 to 2009, the mathematical statistics method was applied in this study to analyze the inter-annual, inter-generation, and annual variation characteristics and trend of runoff, and to investigate the variation of precipitation in the Luanhe River Basin to help discover the effects of precipitation and human activities to runoff. The results showed that both the inter-annual and inter-generation runoff variations are apparent in the Luanhe River Basin, and high flow period occurred from 1950 to 1979 and low flow period appeared after 1980. Furthermore, the annual runoff of the Luanhe River Basin was unevenly distributed with 66.2% of runoff occurring from July to September. Both the runoff and precipitation of the Luanhe River Basin had the significant decreasing trend. During the period of 1959 to 1968, the increasing runoff in the Luanhe River Basin can be attributed to both the precipitation and human activities; while during the period of 1969 to 2009, human activity was the main reason for the decreasing of runoff.
2013(5):11-15.
Abstract:
Based on the theory[1] of ecological footprint, the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of water resources in Guangdong Province were calculated and analyzed from 2005 to 2011 in aspect of the provincial, regional, and municipal scales. The results showed that (1) during the study period, the water resources ecological footprint per capita of Guangdong Province decreases continuously with a rate of 11.6%/a; (2) the water resources ecological footprint per 104 yuan GDP decreases annually, indicating the increasing of utilization of water resources; and (3) the water resources ecological carrying capacity is high in the provincial scale, which suggested the ecological surplus status and thus the utilization of water resources is sustainable. On the regional distribution, the ecological footprint was highest in the northern mountain area of Guangdong whereas lowest in eastern Guangdong. The water resources ecological pressure was highest in the Pearl River Delta region whereas the lowest in northern Guangdong. On the municipal distribution, the water resources ecological footprint per capita was higher in Shaoguan and Guangzhou than that in other cities, and the water ecological pressure in Foshan was the highest among all cities. In the process of socio-economic development, the industrial structure should be adjusted and the water use efficiency should be improved based on the status of sustainable utilization of water resources.
Based on the theory[1] of ecological footprint, the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of water resources in Guangdong Province were calculated and analyzed from 2005 to 2011 in aspect of the provincial, regional, and municipal scales. The results showed that (1) during the study period, the water resources ecological footprint per capita of Guangdong Province decreases continuously with a rate of 11.6%/a; (2) the water resources ecological footprint per 104 yuan GDP decreases annually, indicating the increasing of utilization of water resources; and (3) the water resources ecological carrying capacity is high in the provincial scale, which suggested the ecological surplus status and thus the utilization of water resources is sustainable. On the regional distribution, the ecological footprint was highest in the northern mountain area of Guangdong whereas lowest in eastern Guangdong. The water resources ecological pressure was highest in the Pearl River Delta region whereas the lowest in northern Guangdong. On the municipal distribution, the water resources ecological footprint per capita was higher in Shaoguan and Guangzhou than that in other cities, and the water ecological pressure in Foshan was the highest among all cities. In the process of socio-economic development, the industrial structure should be adjusted and the water use efficiency should be improved based on the status of sustainable utilization of water resources.
2013(5):16-21.
Abstract:
The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in northwestern China, and its middle reach area has gentle terrain slope and abundant water resources for the operation of reservoirs. Moreover, the river basin is one of the grain and vegetable production bases in western China. Under climate change, the rainfall pattern changed to some extent in the river basin. In this paper, the daily precipitation data of 15 meteorological sites in the Heihe River Basin and the surrounding area from 1960 to 2010 and the national 1:250,000 DEM data were used to analyze the variation characteristics of precipitation in the plain and hilly area of Heihe River Basin. The results showed that (1) there is less precipitation in the plain region but more in the mountain area, and the overall precipitation has increased with most of which occurs in the mountain area; (2) the precipitation centroids of the mountain and plain area move to the southwest and it is more obvious in the mountainous area; and (3) the wide distribution of 0-100 mm precipitation decreases while the less distribution of 300 mm precipitation increases.
The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in northwestern China, and its middle reach area has gentle terrain slope and abundant water resources for the operation of reservoirs. Moreover, the river basin is one of the grain and vegetable production bases in western China. Under climate change, the rainfall pattern changed to some extent in the river basin. In this paper, the daily precipitation data of 15 meteorological sites in the Heihe River Basin and the surrounding area from 1960 to 2010 and the national 1:250,000 DEM data were used to analyze the variation characteristics of precipitation in the plain and hilly area of Heihe River Basin. The results showed that (1) there is less precipitation in the plain region but more in the mountain area, and the overall precipitation has increased with most of which occurs in the mountain area; (2) the precipitation centroids of the mountain and plain area move to the southwest and it is more obvious in the mountainous area; and (3) the wide distribution of 0-100 mm precipitation decreases while the less distribution of 300 mm precipitation increases.
2013(5):22-25.
Abstract:
Based on the hydrogeological conditions of Chashang water source area in Wubao County of Shaanxi Province, the study area and boundary conditions were determined, and the hydrogeological conceptual model and two-dimensional unsteady mathematical groundwater flow were constructed. Visual MODFLOW, which is based on the finite difference method, was selected for numerical simulation of groundwater flow. The reliable hydrogeological parameters were determined through model identification and verification, and they were used to perform quantitative evaluation of groundwater resources in Chashang water source area. Nine designed pumping schemes were compared and the most reasonable groundwater pumping scheme was selected, and the allowable groundwater exploitation amount in normal and dry seasons was obtained as 6880 m3/d. Based on the prediction results, the currently designed groundwater exploitation amount is reasonable, which provides a basis for the reasonable exploration and utilization of groundwater resources in the study area.
Based on the hydrogeological conditions of Chashang water source area in Wubao County of Shaanxi Province, the study area and boundary conditions were determined, and the hydrogeological conceptual model and two-dimensional unsteady mathematical groundwater flow were constructed. Visual MODFLOW, which is based on the finite difference method, was selected for numerical simulation of groundwater flow. The reliable hydrogeological parameters were determined through model identification and verification, and they were used to perform quantitative evaluation of groundwater resources in Chashang water source area. Nine designed pumping schemes were compared and the most reasonable groundwater pumping scheme was selected, and the allowable groundwater exploitation amount in normal and dry seasons was obtained as 6880 m3/d. Based on the prediction results, the currently designed groundwater exploitation amount is reasonable, which provides a basis for the reasonable exploration and utilization of groundwater resources in the study area.
2013(5):26-28.
Abstract:
Wetlands and aAtmosphere constantly engaged in the exchange of energy and material constantly, that is , free water surface of wetland and dense vegetation was are in the process of evapotranspirationthrough evapo-transpiration to enter into the atmosphere and a part of water returns to the groundwater as precipitation, thereby increasing the so that water vapour injected into the atmosphere， then formed the rain and returned to the ground, thereby it improved local humidity and precipitation. In this paper, Based on the precipitation data from 1974～2010 of Hengshui Lake and twenty- four24 nearby rRainfall sStations from 1974 to 2010 were used to calculate of periphery ， this article figured out the average precipitation of the Hengshui Lake District ，10- km radius affected zone, 10～2010- to 20- km circular affected zone， and 20- to～30- km circular affected zone. It analyzed theThe effects of the wetland of Hengshui Lake on precipitation were analyzed, and the main reasons were investigated based on the change regularity of different affected zone of Hengshui Lake wetland, and explore the main reason through precipitation formation mechanism of precipitation. The result showsed: that the precipitation decreases Hengshui Lake wetland from the near to the distant distance of the Hengshui Lake Wetland, indicating was obviously decreasing, it revealed that Hengshui Lake wetland has an adjustment function the adjustment effects of the wetland onto the climate of surrounding regional climatearea.
Wetlands and aAtmosphere constantly engaged in the exchange of energy and material constantly, that is , free water surface of wetland and dense vegetation was are in the process of evapotranspirationthrough evapo-transpiration to enter into the atmosphere and a part of water returns to the groundwater as precipitation, thereby increasing the so that water vapour injected into the atmosphere， then formed the rain and returned to the ground, thereby it improved local humidity and precipitation. In this paper, Based on the precipitation data from 1974～2010 of Hengshui Lake and twenty- four24 nearby rRainfall sStations from 1974 to 2010 were used to calculate of periphery ， this article figured out the average precipitation of the Hengshui Lake District ，10- km radius affected zone, 10～2010- to 20- km circular affected zone， and 20- to～30- km circular affected zone. It analyzed theThe effects of the wetland of Hengshui Lake on precipitation were analyzed, and the main reasons were investigated based on the change regularity of different affected zone of Hengshui Lake wetland, and explore the main reason through precipitation formation mechanism of precipitation. The result showsed: that the precipitation decreases Hengshui Lake wetland from the near to the distant distance of the Hengshui Lake Wetland, indicating was obviously decreasing, it revealed that Hengshui Lake wetland has an adjustment function the adjustment effects of the wetland onto the climate of surrounding regional climatearea.
2013(5):29-33.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the current status of heavy metal pollution in fishes of the Songhua River, the Microwave-digestion and ICP-MS method was used to determine the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fishes, and the heavy metal pollution status was assessed using the comprehensive pollution index method. The results showed that (1) the contents of heavy metals in fishes from high to low are Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, and Cd, and the sources of six heavy metals are similar except for Hg; (2) the contents of heavy metals in fishes of the Second Songhua River are higher than those in fishes of the Nen River and main stream of the Songhua River; and (3) based on the evaluation criterion of NK 5073-2006 and GB 13106-1991, the contents of Pb, As, Cr, and Zn exceed the standard values, especially the pollution status of Pb and As is serious.
In order to investigate the current status of heavy metal pollution in fishes of the Songhua River, the Microwave-digestion and ICP-MS method was used to determine the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fishes, and the heavy metal pollution status was assessed using the comprehensive pollution index method. The results showed that (1) the contents of heavy metals in fishes from high to low are Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, and Cd, and the sources of six heavy metals are similar except for Hg; (2) the contents of heavy metals in fishes of the Second Songhua River are higher than those in fishes of the Nen River and main stream of the Songhua River; and (3) based on the evaluation criterion of NK 5073-2006 and GB 13106-1991, the contents of Pb, As, Cr, and Zn exceed the standard values, especially the pollution status of Pb and As is serious.
2013(5):34-37.
Abstract:
Accurate simulation of dynamic change of water flow and hydrodynamic characteristics is of important significance for predicting the migration and transformation of pollutants and understanding the interactions between water flow and pollutants. In this study, a hydrodynamic model was developed based on the EFDC model to simulate the water flow characteristics of Taihu Lake in light of the collected hydrological, meteorological, and terrain data from 2009 to 2010 and the effects of implementation of the Water Transfer Project from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake. The model results showed that the combination of maximum wind direction and wind speed can generate the flow field close to the actual conditions, and the effects of the Water Transfer Project from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on the water flow of Taihu Lake are insignificant. The model shows good simulated hydrodynamic results.
Accurate simulation of dynamic change of water flow and hydrodynamic characteristics is of important significance for predicting the migration and transformation of pollutants and understanding the interactions between water flow and pollutants. In this study, a hydrodynamic model was developed based on the EFDC model to simulate the water flow characteristics of Taihu Lake in light of the collected hydrological, meteorological, and terrain data from 2009 to 2010 and the effects of implementation of the Water Transfer Project from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake. The model results showed that the combination of maximum wind direction and wind speed can generate the flow field close to the actual conditions, and the effects of the Water Transfer Project from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on the water flow of Taihu Lake are insignificant. The model shows good simulated hydrodynamic results.
2013(5):38-42.
Abstract:
The Nansihu Lake Wwatershed was is the key area of Eastern Route of South-to-North Water TransferDiversion Project, and therefore. It was it is of great importance to study the current situation of land use and its future development trend in order to guaranteeing the smooth implementation of the South-to-North Water Transfer Diversion Pproject and to promotepromoting the sustainable development development of the areathat researched the present situation of land use and its development trend in the future. Under the support of RS and GIS technology, obtained the a series of land use series data of land use change was obtained in theof Nansihu Lake Wwatershed during the period of from 1995 to- 2010, and . Based on the information entropy theory was used to analyze the variation and structural evolution of land use quantitatively. , this paper quantitatively analyzed the change of land use type and land use structure. The results indicated showed that (1) the farm land reducesd continuously, the level of vegetation cover restored recovers, and the water and wetland and the construction land were enlargedincrease from 1950 to 2010; (2) in a large extent. tThe land use information entropy increasesd, the equilibrium degree raised rises whereasand the dominance degree declineddecreases, which shownindicating the decreasing controlling force of single type to the entire land use structure abated and, a tendency to balance of land use structure tended to balance; ; and (3) the integrated comprehensive index of land use degree dropped decreases from 1950 to 2000during 1995-2000, but increases continuously raised since 2000, suggesting a developing stage for land use in the watershedwhich revealed that the land of Nansihu Lake watershed was in development stage. Using tThe GM (1, 1) model was used to predict the land use change, the resultswhich indicated that the land use structure would further adjust to reach the balanceand become more and more balanced.
The Nansihu Lake Wwatershed was is the key area of Eastern Route of South-to-North Water TransferDiversion Project, and therefore. It was it is of great importance to study the current situation of land use and its future development trend in order to guaranteeing the smooth implementation of the South-to-North Water Transfer Diversion Pproject and to promotepromoting the sustainable development development of the areathat researched the present situation of land use and its development trend in the future. Under the support of RS and GIS technology, obtained the a series of land use series data of land use change was obtained in theof Nansihu Lake Wwatershed during the period of from 1995 to- 2010, and . Based on the information entropy theory was used to analyze the variation and structural evolution of land use quantitatively. , this paper quantitatively analyzed the change of land use type and land use structure. The results indicated showed that (1) the farm land reducesd continuously, the level of vegetation cover restored recovers, and the water and wetland and the construction land were enlargedincrease from 1950 to 2010; (2) in a large extent. tThe land use information entropy increasesd, the equilibrium degree raised rises whereasand the dominance degree declineddecreases, which shownindicating the decreasing controlling force of single type to the entire land use structure abated and, a tendency to balance of land use structure tended to balance; ; and (3) the integrated comprehensive index of land use degree dropped decreases from 1950 to 2000during 1995-2000, but increases continuously raised since 2000, suggesting a developing stage for land use in the watershedwhich revealed that the land of Nansihu Lake watershed was in development stage. Using tThe GM (1, 1) model was used to predict the land use change, the resultswhich indicated that the land use structure would further adjust to reach the balanceand become more and more balanced.
2013(5):43-47.
Abstract:
The current soil assessment method focuses on the application function of soil, while the ecological environment function is not largely considered. In order to examine the soil quality assessment method in consideration of ecological environment function, an ecological environment quality assessment index system was developed to evaluate the soil quality of Luding County, The conditions of terrain and geomorphology in plateau area are key factors influencing soil preservation and land developing methods, and thus make great effects on soil ecological environmental quality (SEEA). This paper presents a method to evaluate the soil quality for Luding county, a typically geological environmental vulnerable district of ecological environment. The system was based on, based on land use the consideration in meeting the demand of soil ecological environmental preservation. The study and incorporated the topographic factors such as slope, aspect, and elevation as well as the common variables relating with soil development into the assessment index system. GIS, RS, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique were employed to analysis the spatial data and form the thematic maps ofobtain the thematic maps of evaluation indexes assessment factors, which were overlaid to generate the soil ecological environment quality map of Luding County. The ultimate soil quality level map was obtained through graphical overlaying process. The results indicated the substantial main factors affecting the soil ecological environment quality in the study area includecorrelating with the SEEA are the slope, precipitation, elevation, vegetation index, and soil texture, etc.. Comparing tThe soil ecological environment quality assessment results of SEEAwere compared with the topography, land use, and ecological environment factors, which suggested that the assessment results are in accordance with the actualreal conditions in the study area, a well matching result between the two can be easily found.
The current soil assessment method focuses on the application function of soil, while the ecological environment function is not largely considered. In order to examine the soil quality assessment method in consideration of ecological environment function, an ecological environment quality assessment index system was developed to evaluate the soil quality of Luding County, The conditions of terrain and geomorphology in plateau area are key factors influencing soil preservation and land developing methods, and thus make great effects on soil ecological environmental quality (SEEA). This paper presents a method to evaluate the soil quality for Luding county, a typically geological environmental vulnerable district of ecological environment. The system was based on, based on land use the consideration in meeting the demand of soil ecological environmental preservation. The study and incorporated the topographic factors such as slope, aspect, and elevation as well as the common variables relating with soil development into the assessment index system. GIS, RS, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique were employed to analysis the spatial data and form the thematic maps ofobtain the thematic maps of evaluation indexes assessment factors, which were overlaid to generate the soil ecological environment quality map of Luding County. The ultimate soil quality level map was obtained through graphical overlaying process. The results indicated the substantial main factors affecting the soil ecological environment quality in the study area includecorrelating with the SEEA are the slope, precipitation, elevation, vegetation index, and soil texture, etc.. Comparing tThe soil ecological environment quality assessment results of SEEAwere compared with the topography, land use, and ecological environment factors, which suggested that the assessment results are in accordance with the actualreal conditions in the study area, a well matching result between the two can be easily found.
2013(5):48-52.
Abstract:
Based on the hydrogeological conditions in of the Guangzhong Basin and, the regional hydrochemical evolution characteristics of groundwater, the formation mechanism of unconfined groundwater wasere analyzed. The results showed that (1) aht from diving contour and hydrochemical type map, the types of groundwater chemisty and groundwater dynamic have horizontal zoning characteristics, and groundwater dynamic field plays a controling rollcontrols the distribution ofon groundwater chemistry; (2). Cl- concentration and TDS can reflect the intensity of evaporation in the study area; and (3)intensity. Chloride alkaline indices reflect the ion exchange occurs mainly appear in high concentration of groundwater with high salinity in study area. The results of PHREEQC simulation showed that aAlong groundwater flow direction, it mainly occurs the precipitation of calcite and gypsum and the cation exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ occur at paths 1 and 2; whereas. However, at path 3, it mainly occurs the precipitation of calcite and dissolution of gypsum and dolomite, and it also has the exchange of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in addition to Na+ and Ca2+ occur at path 3.
Based on the hydrogeological conditions in of the Guangzhong Basin and, the regional hydrochemical evolution characteristics of groundwater, the formation mechanism of unconfined groundwater wasere analyzed. The results showed that (1) aht from diving contour and hydrochemical type map, the types of groundwater chemisty and groundwater dynamic have horizontal zoning characteristics, and groundwater dynamic field plays a controling rollcontrols the distribution ofon groundwater chemistry; (2). Cl- concentration and TDS can reflect the intensity of evaporation in the study area; and (3)intensity. Chloride alkaline indices reflect the ion exchange occurs mainly appear in high concentration of groundwater with high salinity in study area. The results of PHREEQC simulation showed that aAlong groundwater flow direction, it mainly occurs the precipitation of calcite and gypsum and the cation exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ occur at paths 1 and 2; whereas. However, at path 3, it mainly occurs the precipitation of calcite and dissolution of gypsum and dolomite, and it also has the exchange of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in addition to Na+ and Ca2+ occur at path 3.
2013(5):53-56.
Abstract:
River plays an important role in the aquatic ecosystem, and river health is an important indicator of social and economic development and ecological environment protection. Based on the analysis and calculation of the indexes of river ecological function, including the habitat diversity index, river water quality index, river runoff index, forest coverage index, groundwater overexploitation index, and river longitudinal continuity index, the weight of each index was determined in consideration of the effects of each index in the overall evaluation, and each index was standardized to develop the assessment index system of river health. The system was applied to the Luanhe River Basin to evaluate its ecological function based on the survey results of the basin, and the evaluation result was between normal and poor. The evaluation method considers a number of factors affecting the ecological function of the river, so the evaluation results can reflect the actual ecological functions of the river and then provide references for the development and management of river.
River plays an important role in the aquatic ecosystem, and river health is an important indicator of social and economic development and ecological environment protection. Based on the analysis and calculation of the indexes of river ecological function, including the habitat diversity index, river water quality index, river runoff index, forest coverage index, groundwater overexploitation index, and river longitudinal continuity index, the weight of each index was determined in consideration of the effects of each index in the overall evaluation, and each index was standardized to develop the assessment index system of river health. The system was applied to the Luanhe River Basin to evaluate its ecological function based on the survey results of the basin, and the evaluation result was between normal and poor. The evaluation method considers a number of factors affecting the ecological function of the river, so the evaluation results can reflect the actual ecological functions of the river and then provide references for the development and management of river.
2013(5):57-60.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the distribution of benthic fauna in the Yanghe Reservoir and its effects on water quality, 24 samples were collected at six sites in May, August, September, and November 2006. The results showed that (1) eleven species of benthic fauna are observed, among which ten species are capable of pollution indication, and the pollution-resistance species are dominant; (2) the density of benthic fauna at the six sampling?sites are from 680 to 5 920 ind/m2, whereas the average density in the whole reservoir is 1 924 ind/m2, indicating that the reservoir is moderate tropic to eutrophic; (3) the average biomass of benthic?fauna at the six sampling?site is between 1.68 and 38.76 g/m2 whereas the average biomass density in the whole reservoir is 8.53 g/m2; and (4) the biodiversity index of benthic fauna in the reservoir is between 0.64 and 1.89, and the pollution level of the reservoir is between moderate pollution and heavy pollution. Due to its importance in assessment of water quality, the benthic fauna in the reservoir need to be investigated every 5 to 10 years.
In order to investigate the distribution of benthic fauna in the Yanghe Reservoir and its effects on water quality, 24 samples were collected at six sites in May, August, September, and November 2006. The results showed that (1) eleven species of benthic fauna are observed, among which ten species are capable of pollution indication, and the pollution-resistance species are dominant; (2) the density of benthic fauna at the six sampling?sites are from 680 to 5 920 ind/m2, whereas the average density in the whole reservoir is 1 924 ind/m2, indicating that the reservoir is moderate tropic to eutrophic; (3) the average biomass of benthic?fauna at the six sampling?site is between 1.68 and 38.76 g/m2 whereas the average biomass density in the whole reservoir is 8.53 g/m2; and (4) the biodiversity index of benthic fauna in the reservoir is between 0.64 and 1.89, and the pollution level of the reservoir is between moderate pollution and heavy pollution. Due to its importance in assessment of water quality, the benthic fauna in the reservoir need to be investigated every 5 to 10 years.
2013(5):61-64.
Abstract:
Temperature is one of the main loads of concrete dam, and the adverse temperature load can cause cracks in the dam, especially during the operation period, the combination of unfavorable hydraulic pressure load and temperature load can expand the cracks, resulting in the damage for the dam safety operation. The Shimantan RCC gravity dam has serious cracks, and regular transverse cracks occur in several sections of the dam. Based on the observed water temperature and air temperature data of the Shimantan reservoir, the large general finite element software ANSYS was used to analyze the temperature field and temperature stress field of the dam during the operation period, and to illustrate the main reasons of the occurrence and development of the transverse cracks in aspect of temperature effects, which can provide technical support for reinforcement of the dam.
Temperature is one of the main loads of concrete dam, and the adverse temperature load can cause cracks in the dam, especially during the operation period, the combination of unfavorable hydraulic pressure load and temperature load can expand the cracks, resulting in the damage for the dam safety operation. The Shimantan RCC gravity dam has serious cracks, and regular transverse cracks occur in several sections of the dam. Based on the observed water temperature and air temperature data of the Shimantan reservoir, the large general finite element software ANSYS was used to analyze the temperature field and temperature stress field of the dam during the operation period, and to illustrate the main reasons of the occurrence and development of the transverse cracks in aspect of temperature effects, which can provide technical support for reinforcement of the dam.
2013(5):65-69.
Abstract:
The water-filling process in pipeline involves gas-liquid two-phase transient flow. A reasonable analysis and assessment of the two-phase dynamic characteristics is very important for the optimization design and safe operation of engineering project and numerical simulation study. Based on the dimensional analysis and similarity theory, the similarity laws of the gas-phase model during the water-filling process were established, and the dynamic similarity laws of the exhaust process in vents were similar to the gravity similarity laws; therefore the geometric proportion relationship of detained air bubbles in the pipeline in the prototype and model was obtained. The similarity laws of the gas-phase model were applied to the hydraulic model test of the culvert air vent on the West 4th Ring Road of Beijing in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which provided the dynamic parameters of gas-liquid two-phase flow during the water-filling process and the reasonable water-filling flow rate in the culvert. Furthermore, the effects of the detained air bubbles on the conveyance capacity were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.
The water-filling process in pipeline involves gas-liquid two-phase transient flow. A reasonable analysis and assessment of the two-phase dynamic characteristics is very important for the optimization design and safe operation of engineering project and numerical simulation study. Based on the dimensional analysis and similarity theory, the similarity laws of the gas-phase model during the water-filling process were established, and the dynamic similarity laws of the exhaust process in vents were similar to the gravity similarity laws; therefore the geometric proportion relationship of detained air bubbles in the pipeline in the prototype and model was obtained. The similarity laws of the gas-phase model were applied to the hydraulic model test of the culvert air vent on the West 4th Ring Road of Beijing in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which provided the dynamic parameters of gas-liquid two-phase flow during the water-filling process and the reasonable water-filling flow rate in the culvert. Furthermore, the effects of the detained air bubbles on the conveyance capacity were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.
2013(5):70-73.
Abstract:
In order to explore the accuracy of Fluent software in simulating the head loss of long-distance inverted siphon, the water-air two-phase flow VOF method in the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent and a three-dimensional standard k~ε model were used to simulate the head loss of long-distance inverted siphon. The calculations considered wall roughness by setting different roughness simulate head loss of small-trough inverted siphon to obtain the roughness of glass fiber reinforced plastic pipe. The measured and simulated head loss values under large flow conditions were compared, which showed that it is feasible to set the roughness of the long-distance inverted siphon to simulate head loss. However, the effects of mesh discretization on the head loss results need further research.
In order to explore the accuracy of Fluent software in simulating the head loss of long-distance inverted siphon, the water-air two-phase flow VOF method in the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent and a three-dimensional standard k~ε model were used to simulate the head loss of long-distance inverted siphon. The calculations considered wall roughness by setting different roughness simulate head loss of small-trough inverted siphon to obtain the roughness of glass fiber reinforced plastic pipe. The measured and simulated head loss values under large flow conditions were compared, which showed that it is feasible to set the roughness of the long-distance inverted siphon to simulate head loss. However, the effects of mesh discretization on the head loss results need further research.
2013(5):74-77.
Abstract:
The polypropylene was used as suspended particle, and numeral simulation was performed to investigate the effects of different stirring styles. The model was first examined based on the CFD simulation and experiments to obtain the reasonable results, and then the k-εunsteady model was adopted to simulate the flowing field of eccentric agitation. The simulated results were verified with the experimental results to analyze the impacts of different eccentric degrees on the velocity distribution, turbulence kinetic energy, and mixing effects and time of polypropylene. The results showed that the offset ratio is about 0.22, and when the immersion depth is 35% of the bottle height, the flowing field is well distributed with small “death zone”, which is beneficial to the mixing of polypropylene.
The polypropylene was used as suspended particle, and numeral simulation was performed to investigate the effects of different stirring styles. The model was first examined based on the CFD simulation and experiments to obtain the reasonable results, and then the k-εunsteady model was adopted to simulate the flowing field of eccentric agitation. The simulated results were verified with the experimental results to analyze the impacts of different eccentric degrees on the velocity distribution, turbulence kinetic energy, and mixing effects and time of polypropylene. The results showed that the offset ratio is about 0.22, and when the immersion depth is 35% of the bottle height, the flowing field is well distributed with small “death zone”, which is beneficial to the mixing of polypropylene.
2013(5):78-81.
Abstract:
Static cone penetration test (CPT) as is an in situ test, which is was widely used in the engineering practice. Based on recently research results, thise paper systematically introduced sums up the research and development course in of CPT and summarized the research progress of the, such as instrument development, cone resistance theoretical research of cone resistance, model test, numerical simulation, and engineering application of CPT. Empirical formula of to calculate the soil parameters using CPT on for different industries and different areas were summarized. The paper pointed out that iIt is necessary to fully consider the engineering characteristics of regional soil when using in application of the CPT results. Moreover, It should be point out that the theoretical analysis of excess pore water pressure, analytic solution of cylindrical hole space problem, and numerical analysis simulation for large deformation analysis theory need to be further improved..
Static cone penetration test (CPT) as is an in situ test, which is was widely used in the engineering practice. Based on recently research results, thise paper systematically introduced sums up the research and development course in of CPT and summarized the research progress of the, such as instrument development, cone resistance theoretical research of cone resistance, model test, numerical simulation, and engineering application of CPT. Empirical formula of to calculate the soil parameters using CPT on for different industries and different areas were summarized. The paper pointed out that iIt is necessary to fully consider the engineering characteristics of regional soil when using in application of the CPT results. Moreover, It should be point out that the theoretical analysis of excess pore water pressure, analytic solution of cylindrical hole space problem, and numerical analysis simulation for large deformation analysis theory need to be further improved..
2013(5):82-85.
Abstract:
Accurate estimation of groundwater withdrawal is meaningful for the assessment and management of regional groundwater resources. However, due to the dispersive groundwater pumping and inadequate means in the current management and statistic methods, errors exist in the statistical data of groundwater withdrawal. In this study, a numerical model of regional groundwater flow in the North China Plain was developed, and the inversion estimation of groundwater withdrawal was performed through the fitting between the simulated and measured water levels. Finally, the groundwater withdrawals data from 2002 to 2008 were obtained and the average annual groundwater withdrawal in the NCP was 249.20×108 m3.
Accurate estimation of groundwater withdrawal is meaningful for the assessment and management of regional groundwater resources. However, due to the dispersive groundwater pumping and inadequate means in the current management and statistic methods, errors exist in the statistical data of groundwater withdrawal. In this study, a numerical model of regional groundwater flow in the North China Plain was developed, and the inversion estimation of groundwater withdrawal was performed through the fitting between the simulated and measured water levels. Finally, the groundwater withdrawals data from 2002 to 2008 were obtained and the average annual groundwater withdrawal in the NCP was 249.20×108 m3.
2013(5):86-90.
Abstract:
Gaoliying ground fissure destroyed the building walls and roads and had serious effects on urban planning and construction. Previous research results showed that Gaoliying ground fissure is a composite one and caused by the combination results of fault creep deformation and ground differential subsidence induced by decline of groundwater level. In this study, FLAC3D software was used to simulate the developing trend of Gaoliying ground fissure under eight different conditions. The results indicated that the forbidden bandwidth of ground fissure is 90 m, which agrees with the surface investigation results of 100 m. The research results suggested that application of FLAC3D technology in the numerical simulation of ground fissure is feasible, and it can also provide guidance for the prediction of ground fissure in Beijing.
Gaoliying ground fissure destroyed the building walls and roads and had serious effects on urban planning and construction. Previous research results showed that Gaoliying ground fissure is a composite one and caused by the combination results of fault creep deformation and ground differential subsidence induced by decline of groundwater level. In this study, FLAC3D software was used to simulate the developing trend of Gaoliying ground fissure under eight different conditions. The results indicated that the forbidden bandwidth of ground fissure is 90 m, which agrees with the surface investigation results of 100 m. The research results suggested that application of FLAC3D technology in the numerical simulation of ground fissure is feasible, and it can also provide guidance for the prediction of ground fissure in Beijing.
2013(5):91-94.
Abstract:
For a landslide with multiple GPS monitoring locations, only the displacements at a few typical locations were investigated and used to represent the overall deformation of the landslide, which often induces different results with the actual conditions. In this paper, the surface displacement monitoring data of a landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were adopted to obtain contribution rate of each monitoring displacement to the overall deformation, and then to determine the overall displacement curve. The mathematical method wavelet analysis was used to derive the overall displacement equation, and thus to analyze the influence mechanism and cycle of external factors (rainfall and water level) on the landslide deformation. The results showed that the landslide is potentially unstable at present, and the cycle of effects of rainfall and water level on the landslide deformation c is about 12 months. The prediction accuracy of displacement is about 92% using the overall displacement curve. This method can reflect the stability situation and development trend of landslide accurately and provide references for similar landslides.
For a landslide with multiple GPS monitoring locations, only the displacements at a few typical locations were investigated and used to represent the overall deformation of the landslide, which often induces different results with the actual conditions. In this paper, the surface displacement monitoring data of a landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were adopted to obtain contribution rate of each monitoring displacement to the overall deformation, and then to determine the overall displacement curve. The mathematical method wavelet analysis was used to derive the overall displacement equation, and thus to analyze the influence mechanism and cycle of external factors (rainfall and water level) on the landslide deformation. The results showed that the landslide is potentially unstable at present, and the cycle of effects of rainfall and water level on the landslide deformation c is about 12 months. The prediction accuracy of displacement is about 92% using the overall displacement curve. This method can reflect the stability situation and development trend of landslide accurately and provide references for similar landslides.
2013(5):95-98.
Abstract:
A large number of permeable rocks, low-resistance veins, and water-rich structures occur in the Taihang mountains area of western Baoding. To explore the structural fissure water in this area, the key is to how to distinguish the low-resistance veins from water-rich fault accurately. Based on the hydrogeological conditions survey and geophysical exploration, a demonstration well of structural fissure water was successfully implemented through the comparative analysis of the electrical difference between low-resistance veins and water-rich fault. Therefore, the methods to find structural fissure water in the vein developing area was obtained, which solved the water shortage problem in this area
A large number of permeable rocks, low-resistance veins, and water-rich structures occur in the Taihang mountains area of western Baoding. To explore the structural fissure water in this area, the key is to how to distinguish the low-resistance veins from water-rich fault accurately. Based on the hydrogeological conditions survey and geophysical exploration, a demonstration well of structural fissure water was successfully implemented through the comparative analysis of the electrical difference between low-resistance veins and water-rich fault. Therefore, the methods to find structural fissure water in the vein developing area was obtained, which solved the water shortage problem in this area
2013(5):99-102.
Abstract:
Water balance method was applied to calculate recharge from river water infiltration during a large infiltration test in the Hutuo River, and especially to calculate the infiltrating recharge in the water source area. The results showed that the amount of river infiltration water is 14827500 m3 during the test, and groundwater recharge from river infiltration water is 13828900 m3. The groundwater recharge coefficient from river infiltration is 93%. The amount of received water in the water source area is 7425300 m3. Meanwhile, the maximum rising magnitude of groundwater level in the observation wells located in the water source area is 6.823 m, indicating apparent groundwater recharge effects.
Water balance method was applied to calculate recharge from river water infiltration during a large infiltration test in the Hutuo River, and especially to calculate the infiltrating recharge in the water source area. The results showed that the amount of river infiltration water is 14827500 m3 during the test, and groundwater recharge from river infiltration water is 13828900 m3. The groundwater recharge coefficient from river infiltration is 93%. The amount of received water in the water source area is 7425300 m3. Meanwhile, the maximum rising magnitude of groundwater level in the observation wells located in the water source area is 6.823 m, indicating apparent groundwater recharge effects.
2013(5):103-107.
Abstract:
n the numerical groundwater flow simulation of areas with complex hydrogeological conditions, the rainfall infiltration recharge rate is usually assumed, which results in complicated model parameter identification. In this study, Modflow software was used to develop the Winpest inversion model, which can optimize hydraulic conductivities and rainfall infiltration recharge partition based on the fitting between the measured and simulated water levels. The model was applied to Bibanpo tunnel zone in XX County of XX Province?. The results showed that the rainfall infiltration recharge of the study area can be partitioned initially according to the different layers of surface outcrops, and then the partitions can be divided again based on different elevations and optimized to realize the high-precision fitting of initial groundwater seepage field. The Winpest inversion analysis method can reduce the blindness of assumed rainfall infiltration recharge and thus offer a more efficient and faster approach for modeling the initial groundwater seepage field with complicated hydrogeological conditions.
n the numerical groundwater flow simulation of areas with complex hydrogeological conditions, the rainfall infiltration recharge rate is usually assumed, which results in complicated model parameter identification. In this study, Modflow software was used to develop the Winpest inversion model, which can optimize hydraulic conductivities and rainfall infiltration recharge partition based on the fitting between the measured and simulated water levels. The model was applied to Bibanpo tunnel zone in XX County of XX Province?. The results showed that the rainfall infiltration recharge of the study area can be partitioned initially according to the different layers of surface outcrops, and then the partitions can be divided again based on different elevations and optimized to realize the high-precision fitting of initial groundwater seepage field. The Winpest inversion analysis method can reduce the blindness of assumed rainfall infiltration recharge and thus offer a more efficient and faster approach for modeling the initial groundwater seepage field with complicated hydrogeological conditions.
2013(5):108-111.
Abstract:
The western part of Beijing is located in the top area of the Yongding River alluvial fan, where the storage of groundwater is abundant. Groundwater level declined rapidly in recent years due to over-exploitation. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project into Beijing can decrease groundwater extraction, so it is necessary to study the suitable groundwater recovery level and to control its recovery rate. Based on the hydrogeological conditions of the study area, the engineering and environmental limited groundwater level was studied through the investigations of gravel pit, underground construction, and landfill site. Compared with the historical flow field, the suitable groundwater recovery level was determined to be the flow field of the dry season in 1983.
The western part of Beijing is located in the top area of the Yongding River alluvial fan, where the storage of groundwater is abundant. Groundwater level declined rapidly in recent years due to over-exploitation. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project into Beijing can decrease groundwater extraction, so it is necessary to study the suitable groundwater recovery level and to control its recovery rate. Based on the hydrogeological conditions of the study area, the engineering and environmental limited groundwater level was studied through the investigations of gravel pit, underground construction, and landfill site. Compared with the historical flow field, the suitable groundwater recovery level was determined to be the flow field of the dry season in 1983.
2013(5):112-115.
Abstract:
The destabilization mode of the huge rock mixture slope was investigated using the discrete element numerical method. The results showed that (1) the huge rock mixture slope would deform when the friction coefficient of the rock surface reduces. The destabilization mode is mainly the translation slip of rock blocks with rotation of a few rock blocks; (2) the rock blocks accumulate and occlude during the movement, and shows the ability of self-stabilization; (3) the main destabilization range of the huge block mixture slope is the front and the middle parts of the slope. In vertical direction, the upper and middle parts of slope have higher deformation than the lower part; and (4) the movement of front rock block can cause the deformation of back rock block due to losing of support, which is the retrogressive destabilization mode.
The destabilization mode of the huge rock mixture slope was investigated using the discrete element numerical method. The results showed that (1) the huge rock mixture slope would deform when the friction coefficient of the rock surface reduces. The destabilization mode is mainly the translation slip of rock blocks with rotation of a few rock blocks; (2) the rock blocks accumulate and occlude during the movement, and shows the ability of self-stabilization; (3) the main destabilization range of the huge block mixture slope is the front and the middle parts of the slope. In vertical direction, the upper and middle parts of slope have higher deformation than the lower part; and (4) the movement of front rock block can cause the deformation of back rock block due to losing of support, which is the retrogressive destabilization mode.
2013(5):116-120.
Abstract:
Global warming results in the increasing in the forest fire danger weather and forest fire frequency. Therefore, it is important to study the disaster control and reduction and post-disaster reconstruction in the forest watershed. The watershed hydrology process can be affected by the forest fire through destroying vegetation cover and litter on the ground, altering soil properties, and deteriorating ecological environment, and thus the research of hydrological response of forest fire has received widespread attentions. This paper reviewed the impacts of forest fire on the hydrological processes in aspect of rainfall interception, soil hydrology, evapotranspiration, and water yield. Due to different impact degrees of each hydrological factor to forest fire caused by the spatial heterogeneity of forest fire, the vegetation type, fire type, and fire severity need to be taken into account in the analysis of the impacts of forest fire on the hydrological processes in future.
Global warming results in the increasing in the forest fire danger weather and forest fire frequency. Therefore, it is important to study the disaster control and reduction and post-disaster reconstruction in the forest watershed. The watershed hydrology process can be affected by the forest fire through destroying vegetation cover and litter on the ground, altering soil properties, and deteriorating ecological environment, and thus the research of hydrological response of forest fire has received widespread attentions. This paper reviewed the impacts of forest fire on the hydrological processes in aspect of rainfall interception, soil hydrology, evapotranspiration, and water yield. Due to different impact degrees of each hydrological factor to forest fire caused by the spatial heterogeneity of forest fire, the vegetation type, fire type, and fire severity need to be taken into account in the analysis of the impacts of forest fire on the hydrological processes in future.
2013(5):121-123.
Abstract:
"National River Linking Project (NRLP)" is a large-scale hydraulic engineering project that aims to reduce the persistent water shortage problems in India. In, this paper, describes the target planning and progress of the NRLPNational River Linking Project, was described, and introduces the program’s management system of this project and water policy in India was introduced. Due to the large scale of the project, it involves involved the deployment and utilization of water resources and utilization inof the many rivers of the South Peninsula, therefore several problems exist in the implementation of the project such as the funding stress, international development of transboundary rivers, and ecological environment. this paper addresses and analyzes the basic problems based on the project’s main benefit goals.
"National River Linking Project (NRLP)" is a large-scale hydraulic engineering project that aims to reduce the persistent water shortage problems in India. In, this paper, describes the target planning and progress of the NRLPNational River Linking Project, was described, and introduces the program’s management system of this project and water policy in India was introduced. Due to the large scale of the project, it involves involved the deployment and utilization of water resources and utilization inof the many rivers of the South Peninsula, therefore several problems exist in the implementation of the project such as the funding stress, international development of transboundary rivers, and ecological environment. this paper addresses and analyzes the basic problems based on the project’s main benefit goals.
2013(5):124-127.
Abstract:
As the source of life and foundation of production and ecologya country's strategic economic resource, water re-sources are the basic natural resources and strategic economic resources and play an important role in the sustainable development of economics and society. Water aAbstraction permitLicensing and compensated usepaid-using system are two fundamental tool rules of water resources management, which are achieved by grant of water-taking permit license issuance and collection of water abstraction charges. With the rapid development of market economy, allocation entirely on administrative power of wWater-tTaking rRight (WTR) on administrative power solely have led to low water utilization efficiency and given brought some obstacles to the water right tradetransform and establishment of water market. Thus, the water-taking right acquisition for value is imperative. In this paper, Paid acquisition of Water-Taking Right is imperative therefore. This paper has discussed based on thesome experiences of paid acquisition of water-taking right in other countriesy’s Water-Taking right and paid acquisition of natural resources utilization right in China, three levy natural resource use right at home .Several modes of water-taking right acquisition for value and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. collection patterns are proposed in this paper and then distinguish each pattern’s strongpoint and weakness. Finally, some suggestions have been proposedgiven to promote the implementation of the paid acquisition of water-taking rightWTR..
As the source of life and foundation of production and ecologya country's strategic economic resource, water re-sources are the basic natural resources and strategic economic resources and play an important role in the sustainable development of economics and society. Water aAbstraction permitLicensing and compensated usepaid-using system are two fundamental tool rules of water resources management, which are achieved by grant of water-taking permit license issuance and collection of water abstraction charges. With the rapid development of market economy, allocation entirely on administrative power of wWater-tTaking rRight (WTR) on administrative power solely have led to low water utilization efficiency and given brought some obstacles to the water right tradetransform and establishment of water market. Thus, the water-taking right acquisition for value is imperative. In this paper, Paid acquisition of Water-Taking Right is imperative therefore. This paper has discussed based on thesome experiences of paid acquisition of water-taking right in other countriesy’s Water-Taking right and paid acquisition of natural resources utilization right in China, three levy natural resource use right at home .Several modes of water-taking right acquisition for value and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. collection patterns are proposed in this paper and then distinguish each pattern’s strongpoint and weakness. Finally, some suggestions have been proposedgiven to promote the implementation of the paid acquisition of water-taking rightWTR..
2013(5):128-131.
Abstract:
The alpine pastoral area of Tibet has high elevation, large daily temperature range, strong solar radiation, and high variation of air humidity. In this study, the field experiment was conducted to analyze the diurnal variation of leaf water potential of oat (ψL) and its relationship with the typical meteorological factors such as atmospheric temperature (T), solar radiation (Rs), and relative air humidity (RH) to establish the corresponding regression models. The experiment results showed that the daily variation of oat’s ψL is significantly different during different growth stages. The oat’s ψL showed ‘V-type’ during the seeding stage and heading stage; while it showed ‘W-type’ during the jointing stage and tillering stage, and the maximum variation range of ψL can reach 6 MPa in a day. Based on the regression analysis, the order of significant effects of meteorological factors on oat's ψL was T>RH>Rs. These results are of vital significance for seeking the hydrologic cycle rules of the irrigated grass, formulating the scientific irrigation schedule, and increasing the water use efficiency of grass growing in the alpine area.
The alpine pastoral area of Tibet has high elevation, large daily temperature range, strong solar radiation, and high variation of air humidity. In this study, the field experiment was conducted to analyze the diurnal variation of leaf water potential of oat (ψL) and its relationship with the typical meteorological factors such as atmospheric temperature (T), solar radiation (Rs), and relative air humidity (RH) to establish the corresponding regression models. The experiment results showed that the daily variation of oat’s ψL is significantly different during different growth stages. The oat’s ψL showed ‘V-type’ during the seeding stage and heading stage; while it showed ‘W-type’ during the jointing stage and tillering stage, and the maximum variation range of ψL can reach 6 MPa in a day. Based on the regression analysis, the order of significant effects of meteorological factors on oat's ψL was T>RH>Rs. These results are of vital significance for seeking the hydrologic cycle rules of the irrigated grass, formulating the scientific irrigation schedule, and increasing the water use efficiency of grass growing in the alpine area.
31 Observation on Soil Condensation Water and Its Impact Factors in Typical Region of North China Plain
2013(5):132-135.
Abstract:
In order to ascertain the production of soil condensation water in the typical region of North China Plain, the weighing method was used to observe soil condensation water in the study area. The results indicated that the formation of soil condensation water can be observed from 2:00 pm to 10:00 am of the next day. Most of soil condensation water originated from the air vapor and only a small amount from soil water, of which about 50% of the total condensation water gathered in the range of 0 to 5 cm below the ground surface. According to the analysis results of impact factors for the formation of soil condensation water, high relative humidity, low atmospheric temperature, and low wind speed were favorable for the formation of the soil condensation water.
In order to ascertain the production of soil condensation water in the typical region of North China Plain, the weighing method was used to observe soil condensation water in the study area. The results indicated that the formation of soil condensation water can be observed from 2:00 pm to 10:00 am of the next day. Most of soil condensation water originated from the air vapor and only a small amount from soil water, of which about 50% of the total condensation water gathered in the range of 0 to 5 cm below the ground surface. According to the analysis results of impact factors for the formation of soil condensation water, high relative humidity, low atmospheric temperature, and low wind speed were favorable for the formation of the soil condensation water.
2013(5):136-140.
Abstract:
The effects of different irrigation methods on the consumption characteristics and yield of summer corn were investigated based on different water treatments. The results showed that (1) the higher the control limit of moisture content is, the greater the water consumption is; (2) the water consumption of the integrated ridge tillage furrow planting pattern is lower than that of the conventional furrow planting pattern under the same water treatment during the growing period，and the impoundment effect of soil moisture is good; (3) under different furrow irrigation methods, the corn yield and water use efficiency are significantly different, and the integrated ridge tillage furrow planting pattern generates higher yield and improves the water use efficiency. The average increasing rate of yield is 8.67%，and the increased water use efficiency is 0.23 to 0.36 kg/m3, and (4) too low or too high moisture treatments can cause adverse effects on the corn yield and its component factors.
The effects of different irrigation methods on the consumption characteristics and yield of summer corn were investigated based on different water treatments. The results showed that (1) the higher the control limit of moisture content is, the greater the water consumption is; (2) the water consumption of the integrated ridge tillage furrow planting pattern is lower than that of the conventional furrow planting pattern under the same water treatment during the growing period，and the impoundment effect of soil moisture is good; (3) under different furrow irrigation methods, the corn yield and water use efficiency are significantly different, and the integrated ridge tillage furrow planting pattern generates higher yield and improves the water use efficiency. The average increasing rate of yield is 8.67%，and the increased water use efficiency is 0.23 to 0.36 kg/m3, and (4) too low or too high moisture treatments can cause adverse effects on the corn yield and its component factors.
2013(5):141-145.
Abstract:
An input-output model of water resources was established based on the water consumption data of Heilongjiang Province in 2002 and 2007, and it was used to estimate the water consumption efficiency, water consumption benefit, water consumption correlation, and consumption of virtual water of each sector of national economy. The results showed that agriculture sector had the highest proportion in total water consumption of Heilongjiang Province whereas transportation sector had the lowest. Water consumption correlation between each sector presented decreasing trend from 2002 to 2007. The virtual water was exported in Heilongjiang Province from 2002 to 2007, and agriculture sector had the largest amount of exported virtual water. The results can provide theoretical foundation and data support to improve the economic value of water resources.
An input-output model of water resources was established based on the water consumption data of Heilongjiang Province in 2002 and 2007, and it was used to estimate the water consumption efficiency, water consumption benefit, water consumption correlation, and consumption of virtual water of each sector of national economy. The results showed that agriculture sector had the highest proportion in total water consumption of Heilongjiang Province whereas transportation sector had the lowest. Water consumption correlation between each sector presented decreasing trend from 2002 to 2007. The virtual water was exported in Heilongjiang Province from 2002 to 2007, and agriculture sector had the largest amount of exported virtual water. The results can provide theoretical foundation and data support to improve the economic value of water resources.
2013(5):146-149.
Abstract:
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an infrastructure engineering project with social public welfare and economic benefit, and its engineering characteristics determine the national investment, operation, and management, which might result in the low water price and low water resources utilization efficiency, and therefore affect the sustainable utilization of water resources. Therefore, the water market concept is introduced into the management system of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the decision-making environment theory is applied to determine the roles of market and government decision-makings in the water price management. According to actual situations of project, water price is formulated based on the method of full cost accounting and the consideration of environment price and resources price. The “quasi-maket” model is used to improve the formulation and management mechanism of engineering water price, which is beneficial for the sustainable development of water price mechanism in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and effective allocation of water resources.
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an infrastructure engineering project with social public welfare and economic benefit, and its engineering characteristics determine the national investment, operation, and management, which might result in the low water price and low water resources utilization efficiency, and therefore affect the sustainable utilization of water resources. Therefore, the water market concept is introduced into the management system of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the decision-making environment theory is applied to determine the roles of market and government decision-makings in the water price management. According to actual situations of project, water price is formulated based on the method of full cost accounting and the consideration of environment price and resources price. The “quasi-maket” model is used to improve the formulation and management mechanism of engineering water price, which is beneficial for the sustainable development of water price mechanism in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and effective allocation of water resources.
2013(5):150-154.
Abstract:
According to the analysis of measured ice data, the paper pointed out that the evolution of the ice sheet thickness can be used as the main basis for forecasting the break-up date at the TouDaoguai station along the Yellow River, and the persistent and cumulative effects of temperature and flow during the freezing period are also important factors which affect the timing of break-up date. A new method to forecast the break-up date using the data mining technology (DM) and least square support machine (LSSVM) was presented in this paper. The LSSVM model was used to predict the break-up dates at the TouDaoguai station in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and the results showed that the method can predict the break-up date on any date of ice sheet thickness observation during the frozen period, which can expand the forecast period effectively. Furthermore, the predicted values of break-up date before March 6th met the requirements of the allowable prediction error rate. An average value method of forecasting the break-up date was proposed according to the characteristics of volatility change in the prediction error produced by the LSSVM model, which can improve the prediction accuracy significantly.
According to the analysis of measured ice data, the paper pointed out that the evolution of the ice sheet thickness can be used as the main basis for forecasting the break-up date at the TouDaoguai station along the Yellow River, and the persistent and cumulative effects of temperature and flow during the freezing period are also important factors which affect the timing of break-up date. A new method to forecast the break-up date using the data mining technology (DM) and least square support machine (LSSVM) was presented in this paper. The LSSVM model was used to predict the break-up dates at the TouDaoguai station in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and the results showed that the method can predict the break-up date on any date of ice sheet thickness observation during the frozen period, which can expand the forecast period effectively. Furthermore, the predicted values of break-up date before March 6th met the requirements of the allowable prediction error rate. An average value method of forecasting the break-up date was proposed according to the characteristics of volatility change in the prediction error produced by the LSSVM model, which can improve the prediction accuracy significantly.
2013(5):155-158.
Abstract:
The paper applies the opposite and unity theorem of variable fuzzy sets to develop a dam safety evaluation model with the establishment of the evaluation index system of dam safety and its classification criterion based on the analysis of influence factors of dam safety and evaluation guide rules of dam safety. The model was used to analyze the engineering samples and the evaluation results were compared with those obtained from the set pair analysis method. The results showed that the both methods generate similar conclusions, but the evaluation method based on the opposite and unity theorem of variable fuzzy sets is clearer and easier for calculation, and therefore it is better than the set pair analysis method in evaluation of dam safety.
The paper applies the opposite and unity theorem of variable fuzzy sets to develop a dam safety evaluation model with the establishment of the evaluation index system of dam safety and its classification criterion based on the analysis of influence factors of dam safety and evaluation guide rules of dam safety. The model was used to analyze the engineering samples and the evaluation results were compared with those obtained from the set pair analysis method. The results showed that the both methods generate similar conclusions, but the evaluation method based on the opposite and unity theorem of variable fuzzy sets is clearer and easier for calculation, and therefore it is better than the set pair analysis method in evaluation of dam safety.
LIU Linlin
,
SUN Xiuling，CAO Shengle，YU Cuisong，WANG Jun，GUO Xiaona，SONG Shaowen，ZHUANG Huibo，ZHA Zhirong
2013(5):159-163.
Abstract:
Based on the requirement of the most strict water resources management system, the total water control “The Red Line” binding force is to strengthen water resources management, to promote the optimized allocation of water resources and water use efficiency, and to ensure the sustainable utilization of water resources. When determining the total water control index, two factors should be considered including the features of local water resources and the water demand of local socio-economic and ecological environment. In this paper, the concept of available surface (underground) water resources was discussed in three aspects of a narrow sense, generalized sense, and strict sense, and a method system to determine the total water use control was proposed. Finally, the total water control indexes in Jiaonan and Rushan during the planning year were calculated, which can provide a theoretical basis for the system construction of total water control and allocation of control indexes in the two cities.
Based on the requirement of the most strict water resources management system, the total water control “The Red Line” binding force is to strengthen water resources management, to promote the optimized allocation of water resources and water use efficiency, and to ensure the sustainable utilization of water resources. When determining the total water control index, two factors should be considered including the features of local water resources and the water demand of local socio-economic and ecological environment. In this paper, the concept of available surface (underground) water resources was discussed in three aspects of a narrow sense, generalized sense, and strict sense, and a method system to determine the total water use control was proposed. Finally, the total water control indexes in Jiaonan and Rushan during the planning year were calculated, which can provide a theoretical basis for the system construction of total water control and allocation of control indexes in the two cities.
2013(5):164-167.
Abstract:
Regarding to the situation of serious shortage of water resources in Dalian, we mixedthe typical industry representative method and semi-structural identification method of water use index group were used to determine the water consumption quota of key industries in Dalian based on the analysis ofanalyzing the existing methods for determination of water consumption quota,. The results can solve the misplacement problem between the relative lag ofbackward water consumption quota and the increase improvement of water- saving technology, and therefore provide guidance . It also can be a guidance of for the management of water consumption in Dalian. Meanwhile, the results in this studyit can alsooffer provides certain references for the water consumption quota of other similar cities.
Regarding to the situation of serious shortage of water resources in Dalian, we mixedthe typical industry representative method and semi-structural identification method of water use index group were used to determine the water consumption quota of key industries in Dalian based on the analysis ofanalyzing the existing methods for determination of water consumption quota,. The results can solve the misplacement problem between the relative lag ofbackward water consumption quota and the increase improvement of water- saving technology, and therefore provide guidance . It also can be a guidance of for the management of water consumption in Dalian. Meanwhile, the results in this studyit can alsooffer provides certain references for the water consumption quota of other similar cities.
2013(5):168-171.
Abstract:
Determination of the functions of levee road according to local conditions and definition of levee road property can not only provide guidance for the planning and construction of levee road, but also offer the important basis for comprehensive utilization of levee road. Considering the functional difference between ordinary road and levee road, this paper analyzes the existing problems in the functional classification of levee road based on the relevant national standard and construction situation of levee road in China in recent years. Moreover, this paper discusses the functions of levee road and proposes several principles and concepts on the functional classification of levee road.
Determination of the functions of levee road according to local conditions and definition of levee road property can not only provide guidance for the planning and construction of levee road, but also offer the important basis for comprehensive utilization of levee road. Considering the functional difference between ordinary road and levee road, this paper analyzes the existing problems in the functional classification of levee road based on the relevant national standard and construction situation of levee road in China in recent years. Moreover, this paper discusses the functions of levee road and proposes several principles and concepts on the functional classification of levee road.
2013(5):172-176.
Abstract:
Based on the engineering example of the emergency water source area in Taicang, the measured results in the well test using the multi-head stirring pile and high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile methods were compared, and Two construction methods’ principle , characteristics and the main applicable scope for multi-head stirring pile and high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile are introduced simply. Combined with the engineering example and compared with measured results in the well test by the use of the AUTOBANK (hydraulic finite element analysis system) was used to establish thea seepage stability and anti-sliding stabilitystabilities models. The, the principle and the main formula of the modelsle were introduced,are explained and all conditions of the seepage stability and anti-sliding stabilitystabilities are were calculated under different working conditions. According to tThe results showed that (1) , in the earth dam seepage, the high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile and multi-head stirring pile form a continuous wall which has a uniform permeability coefficient is close and both can meet the design requirements of anti-seepage; (2) the .The pile body formed by the high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile is characterized by?poor continuity and core sample integrity degreecompleteness and weak spray hole position weak; and (3) while the wall formed by the multi-head stirring pile is even, has following such advantages as wall to be even , has good relative overlap, relative lap good, and the completeness of the dam is not affected by the construction technology. not to destroy the integrity of the original earth dam.Moreover, Thus the muti-head stirring pile has remarkable superiority in the construction quality, cost, and construction efficiency and low impact on the construction environment. Based on the multiple characteristics and advantagesConsequently, the multi-head stirring pile will can be widely used in all kinds of cut-off seepage projects.
Based on the engineering example of the emergency water source area in Taicang, the measured results in the well test using the multi-head stirring pile and high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile methods were compared, and Two construction methods’ principle , characteristics and the main applicable scope for multi-head stirring pile and high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile are introduced simply. Combined with the engineering example and compared with measured results in the well test by the use of the AUTOBANK (hydraulic finite element analysis system) was used to establish thea seepage stability and anti-sliding stabilitystabilities models. The, the principle and the main formula of the modelsle were introduced,are explained and all conditions of the seepage stability and anti-sliding stabilitystabilities are were calculated under different working conditions. According to tThe results showed that (1) , in the earth dam seepage, the high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile and multi-head stirring pile form a continuous wall which has a uniform permeability coefficient is close and both can meet the design requirements of anti-seepage; (2) the .The pile body formed by the high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile is characterized by?poor continuity and core sample integrity degreecompleteness and weak spray hole position weak; and (3) while the wall formed by the multi-head stirring pile is even, has following such advantages as wall to be even , has good relative overlap, relative lap good, and the completeness of the dam is not affected by the construction technology. not to destroy the integrity of the original earth dam.Moreover, Thus the muti-head stirring pile has remarkable superiority in the construction quality, cost, and construction efficiency and low impact on the construction environment. Based on the multiple characteristics and advantagesConsequently, the multi-head stirring pile will can be widely used in all kinds of cut-off seepage projects.
41 Study on Concreting Sequencing Methods for Concrete Dam Based on the Simulation of Preparatory Work
2013(5):177-180.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the effects of different treatment methods on the dredged sludge fertility and castor growth, different experiments were conducted on the castor planting soil (untreated dredged sludge (CK1), cultivation soil (CK2), and saline soils (CK3) and three types of improved dredged sludge soil (Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ)), and the variations of planting soil physicochemical properties, castor root development, and growth conditions above ground were evaluated. The results showed that the treatment methods for improving dredged sludge soil can improve the grain structure of sludge, reduce the density and pH, and enhance the nutrition content of sludge, and the modified sludge plays a certain role in promoting the root development and castor growth. Moreover, it was found that the treatment method IV for improving dredged sludge soil is the most effective method to promote the castor growth, which has similar effects as the cultivation soil (CK2).
In order to investigate the effects of different treatment methods on the dredged sludge fertility and castor growth, different experiments were conducted on the castor planting soil (untreated dredged sludge (CK1), cultivation soil (CK2), and saline soils (CK3) and three types of improved dredged sludge soil (Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ)), and the variations of planting soil physicochemical properties, castor root development, and growth conditions above ground were evaluated. The results showed that the treatment methods for improving dredged sludge soil can improve the grain structure of sludge, reduce the density and pH, and enhance the nutrition content of sludge, and the modified sludge plays a certain role in promoting the root development and castor growth. Moreover, it was found that the treatment method IV for improving dredged sludge soil is the most effective method to promote the castor growth, which has similar effects as the cultivation soil (CK2).
2013(5):181-183.
Abstract:
Dry land is a critical working condition for concrete pouring of the overflow dam heightening project of the Danjiangkou dam. Different schemes were compared and the combination method of cavity concrete stop logs with underwater concrete pouring and steel stop log gates was selected. During the construction, several problems were solved such as the installation positioning of concrete stop logs, grouting stopping before pouring, underwater concrete pouring, added underwater sills of steel stop log gates, and later leakage treatment. Moreover, the gate sills were installed and leveled under water for the first time and the new type of anti-washout and self-compacted polymer?resin concrete was used as the secondary concrete for sill embedded parts to form a complete sill sealing structure, which has good effects on the construction.
Dry land is a critical working condition for concrete pouring of the overflow dam heightening project of the Danjiangkou dam. Different schemes were compared and the combination method of cavity concrete stop logs with underwater concrete pouring and steel stop log gates was selected. During the construction, several problems were solved such as the installation positioning of concrete stop logs, grouting stopping before pouring, underwater concrete pouring, added underwater sills of steel stop log gates, and later leakage treatment. Moreover, the gate sills were installed and leveled under water for the first time and the new type of anti-washout and self-compacted polymer?resin concrete was used as the secondary concrete for sill embedded parts to form a complete sill sealing structure, which has good effects on the construction.
2013(5):184-188.
Abstract:
Pollution remediation along the eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project determines the success of project. Over the past decade, based on the goal of building Clean Water channel, a number of innovations and remarkable achievements were performed to generate an approach suitable for the water pollution remediation along the eastern route, including innovative planning ideas, improvement of management system, strengthening of regulatory standards, reformation of operation mechanism, and development of fully controlled anti-pollution system. The approach has achieved significant results to build a solid foundation for water diversion of the eastern route first-stage construction project and to provide useful references for the pollution remediation in other key drainage areas.
Pollution remediation along the eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project determines the success of project. Over the past decade, based on the goal of building Clean Water channel, a number of innovations and remarkable achievements were performed to generate an approach suitable for the water pollution remediation along the eastern route, including innovative planning ideas, improvement of management system, strengthening of regulatory standards, reformation of operation mechanism, and development of fully controlled anti-pollution system. The approach has achieved significant results to build a solid foundation for water diversion of the eastern route first-stage construction project and to provide useful references for the pollution remediation in other key drainage areas.
2013(5):189-192.
Abstract:
With the development of the new national key water conservancy projects such as the of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, East- to- South Water Ddiversion Pproject, and Water Diversion Project from Yellow River to Qingdao, construction project, when the project is completed, the main channels undertake not only the water diversion duty but also the drainage of flood discharge task; therefore sediment deposition occurs in these channels. in addition to water diversion outside part of trunk channels to release flood waters and task, sediment deposition can hardly be avoided. Based on the dredging of water conveyance channel with concrete lining in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, an automatic dredging machine was developed to complete the dredging task through the dredge suction system and transport system. The machine can receive the instructions of ashore personnel or perform independent judgment to determine the distribution of dredge, and therefore decide its walking methods, turn and avoid obstacles, and control its position in water. The new channel dredging equipment is a small dredging equipment, and can be applied to the environmental protection dredging of channels, lakes, and waterways, dredging, environmental protection dredging reservoir sand basin dredging, and river management etc.. Meanwhile, It is a kind of the diving dredging machine automatic suction system, slurry transport system to complete the dredging task. And it can receive the instruction or independent judgment on underwater silt distribution, and to decide the way of walking in the water, to achieve turning, avoiding obstacles, control their water in the range. At the same time, the dredging equipment would not cause the secondarycan not cause two times environmental pollution and underwater cutout during the, and do not cause dredging process of underwater cutout. The new equipment Also has the advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, convenient easy operation, lowsmall labor intensity, broad suitable workingapplication range, and low cost .etc.
With the development of the new national key water conservancy projects such as the of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, East- to- South Water Ddiversion Pproject, and Water Diversion Project from Yellow River to Qingdao, construction project, when the project is completed, the main channels undertake not only the water diversion duty but also the drainage of flood discharge task; therefore sediment deposition occurs in these channels. in addition to water diversion outside part of trunk channels to release flood waters and task, sediment deposition can hardly be avoided. Based on the dredging of water conveyance channel with concrete lining in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, an automatic dredging machine was developed to complete the dredging task through the dredge suction system and transport system. The machine can receive the instructions of ashore personnel or perform independent judgment to determine the distribution of dredge, and therefore decide its walking methods, turn and avoid obstacles, and control its position in water. The new channel dredging equipment is a small dredging equipment, and can be applied to the environmental protection dredging of channels, lakes, and waterways, dredging, environmental protection dredging reservoir sand basin dredging, and river management etc.. Meanwhile, It is a kind of the diving dredging machine automatic suction system, slurry transport system to complete the dredging task. And it can receive the instruction or independent judgment on underwater silt distribution, and to decide the way of walking in the water, to achieve turning, avoiding obstacles, control their water in the range. At the same time, the dredging equipment would not cause the secondarycan not cause two times environmental pollution and underwater cutout during the, and do not cause dredging process of underwater cutout. The new equipment Also has the advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, convenient easy operation, lowsmall labor intensity, broad suitable workingapplication range, and low cost .etc.
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