Volume 0,Issue 6,2013 Table of Contents
2013(6):1-4.
Abstract:
Based on the comparative analysis of water resources quantities obtained from China Water Resource Bulletin between 2001 and 2010 and determined by the 45-year results of the second water resources investigation and evaluation, the variation of water resources quantity was analyzed in the last ten years of China. The results suggested that (1) the 45-year results are still representative according to the demonstration of the 45-year natural runoff and its extended results in the first-grade region of water resources; (2) as for the first-grade region of water resources, most area has less water except for Huaihe River Region and Northwestern River Region. The distribution of surface water resources determines the distribution of total water resources; and (3) in the last ten years, climate change and human activities worse the water resources situation in the north, resulting in an extended low flow period. The water resources distribution of less water in the north and much water in the south aggravates.
Based on the comparative analysis of water resources quantities obtained from China Water Resource Bulletin between 2001 and 2010 and determined by the 45-year results of the second water resources investigation and evaluation, the variation of water resources quantity was analyzed in the last ten years of China. The results suggested that (1) the 45-year results are still representative according to the demonstration of the 45-year natural runoff and its extended results in the first-grade region of water resources; (2) as for the first-grade region of water resources, most area has less water except for Huaihe River Region and Northwestern River Region. The distribution of surface water resources determines the distribution of total water resources; and (3) in the last ten years, climate change and human activities worse the water resources situation in the north, resulting in an extended low flow period. The water resources distribution of less water in the north and much water in the south aggravates.
2013(6):5-9.
Abstract:
Basin flood process is affected by several factors such as rainfall and the underlying surface of watershed, especially human activities have significant impacts on the flood process in the outlet of river basin in recent years. In this study, the upstream basin of the Fengman reservoir in the second Songhua River was selected to perform flood simulation using the Xinanjiang model based on the analysis of survey data The relationships between human activities and model parameters were established in consideration of the impacts of human activities on flood process, and WM and B were improved according to the physical significance of the parameters. The results showed that the method has high simulation accuracy and can reasonably reflect the effects of human activities on the actual flood process, which can provide references for the construction of water conservancy project and flood prediction.
Basin flood process is affected by several factors such as rainfall and the underlying surface of watershed, especially human activities have significant impacts on the flood process in the outlet of river basin in recent years. In this study, the upstream basin of the Fengman reservoir in the second Songhua River was selected to perform flood simulation using the Xinanjiang model based on the analysis of survey data The relationships between human activities and model parameters were established in consideration of the impacts of human activities on flood process, and WM and B were improved according to the physical significance of the parameters. The results showed that the method has high simulation accuracy and can reasonably reflect the effects of human activities on the actual flood process, which can provide references for the construction of water conservancy project and flood prediction.
2013(6):10-15.
Abstract:
EOF method was applied to analyze the summer precipitation field (June- August) in the monsoon region of eastern China. Three main spatial distribution types of precipitation were obtained, including the even distribution of flood and drought type, flood (drought) in the north and south while drought (flood) in the center type, and flood (drought) in the south while drought (flood) in the north type. The Mann-Kendall test and power spectrum analysis were used to analyze the temporal characteristics of each above type of spatial distribution. The results showed that (1) no mutations are detected for the first and second time coefficients but there is a mutation for the third time coefficient. The mutation occurred in the early 1970s with the type of spatial distribution varying from “southern drought and northern flood” to the opposite; and (2) a cycle of 50 years exists in the first time coefficient, a cycle of two years in the second time coefficient, and two cycles with a main cycle of 50 years and a sub-cycle of 2 to 3 years in the third time coefficient. The correlation analysis between monsoon indices and time coefficients showed that there are positive correlations between the second time coefficients and monsoon indices of East Asia and South China Sea, which indicated the intensity of monsoon on summer precipitation.
EOF method was applied to analyze the summer precipitation field (June- August) in the monsoon region of eastern China. Three main spatial distribution types of precipitation were obtained, including the even distribution of flood and drought type, flood (drought) in the north and south while drought (flood) in the center type, and flood (drought) in the south while drought (flood) in the north type. The Mann-Kendall test and power spectrum analysis were used to analyze the temporal characteristics of each above type of spatial distribution. The results showed that (1) no mutations are detected for the first and second time coefficients but there is a mutation for the third time coefficient. The mutation occurred in the early 1970s with the type of spatial distribution varying from “southern drought and northern flood” to the opposite; and (2) a cycle of 50 years exists in the first time coefficient, a cycle of two years in the second time coefficient, and two cycles with a main cycle of 50 years and a sub-cycle of 2 to 3 years in the third time coefficient. The correlation analysis between monsoon indices and time coefficients showed that there are positive correlations between the second time coefficients and monsoon indices of East Asia and South China Sea, which indicated the intensity of monsoon on summer precipitation.
2013(6):16-19.
Abstract:
In order to study the flood routing situation in the detention basin after flood diversion, MIKE21 was adopted to conduct 2D flood routing simulation of the MengWa detention basin in the midstream of Huaihe River. The measured water level data in 2007 were used to calibrate the model, and the maximum relative error of simulated and measured water levels was about 10%, which indicated that the model has a high simulation precision. The model was used to simulate the inundated elements, such as water depth, flow velocity, and arrival time, at each location of the detention basin under the scheme of the most dangerous flood diversion. . The research results can offer technical support for flood control and disaster reduction of the MengWa detention basin.
In order to study the flood routing situation in the detention basin after flood diversion, MIKE21 was adopted to conduct 2D flood routing simulation of the MengWa detention basin in the midstream of Huaihe River. The measured water level data in 2007 were used to calibrate the model, and the maximum relative error of simulated and measured water levels was about 10%, which indicated that the model has a high simulation precision. The model was used to simulate the inundated elements, such as water depth, flow velocity, and arrival time, at each location of the detention basin under the scheme of the most dangerous flood diversion. . The research results can offer technical support for flood control and disaster reduction of the MengWa detention basin.
2013(6):20-24.
Abstract:
Drought is one of the major natural disasters in the Huaihe River Basin, which restricts the sustainable development of the society, economy, and agriculture. Based on the statistical analysis of the historical drought from 1949 to 2010 in the Huaihe River Basin, the drought frequencies in different seasons and drought season distribution, and the drought frequencies with different magnitudes and drought area distribution were determined for each county in the river basin. The distributions of drought season and drought area were plotted. The results showed that drought was prone to occur in spring-summer, summer, summer-autumn, and spring, and the drought frequencies in these seasons decreased. Moreover, moderate and mild droughts were prone to occur in the river basin, while the frequency of severe drought was low. The research results can provide the basic data for drought monitoring, forecasting, and early warning, and it can provide technical support for the drought mitigation and food safety in the Huaihe River Basin.
Drought is one of the major natural disasters in the Huaihe River Basin, which restricts the sustainable development of the society, economy, and agriculture. Based on the statistical analysis of the historical drought from 1949 to 2010 in the Huaihe River Basin, the drought frequencies in different seasons and drought season distribution, and the drought frequencies with different magnitudes and drought area distribution were determined for each county in the river basin. The distributions of drought season and drought area were plotted. The results showed that drought was prone to occur in spring-summer, summer, summer-autumn, and spring, and the drought frequencies in these seasons decreased. Moreover, moderate and mild droughts were prone to occur in the river basin, while the frequency of severe drought was low. The research results can provide the basic data for drought monitoring, forecasting, and early warning, and it can provide technical support for the drought mitigation and food safety in the Huaihe River Basin.
2013(6):25-29.
Abstract:
The joint water supply regulation model of multi-reservoirs of the water diversion project from the Shuhe River Basin to Futuanhe River Basin was proposed according to the characteristics of the project. The model was based on two objectives including the maximum urban water supply and minimum surplus water. The model was solved using the Genetic Algorithm and the long-series time series method, and it was then used to determine the joint water supply of the Qingfengling, Xiaoshiyang, and Qiaoshan reservoirs in the Shuhe River Basin and Rizhao reservoir in the Futuanhe River Basin, which can provide the allowable limit reservoir storage of each reservoir in the Shuhe River Basin and dynamic water requirement limit of Rizhao reservoir in the Futuanhe River Basin. The results showed that the joint water supply regulation of multi-reservoirs can increase the water supply volume of 9.39 million cubic meters in the Shuhe River Basin compared with the water supply regulation of single reservoir, which suggested that the joint water supply regulation can improve the water supply potential of each reservoir in the Shuhe River Basin and therefore solve water shortage problem in the urban area of Rizhao.
The joint water supply regulation model of multi-reservoirs of the water diversion project from the Shuhe River Basin to Futuanhe River Basin was proposed according to the characteristics of the project. The model was based on two objectives including the maximum urban water supply and minimum surplus water. The model was solved using the Genetic Algorithm and the long-series time series method, and it was then used to determine the joint water supply of the Qingfengling, Xiaoshiyang, and Qiaoshan reservoirs in the Shuhe River Basin and Rizhao reservoir in the Futuanhe River Basin, which can provide the allowable limit reservoir storage of each reservoir in the Shuhe River Basin and dynamic water requirement limit of Rizhao reservoir in the Futuanhe River Basin. The results showed that the joint water supply regulation of multi-reservoirs can increase the water supply volume of 9.39 million cubic meters in the Shuhe River Basin compared with the water supply regulation of single reservoir, which suggested that the joint water supply regulation can improve the water supply potential of each reservoir in the Shuhe River Basin and therefore solve water shortage problem in the urban area of Rizhao.
2013(6):30-34.
Abstract:
The 50-year precipitation, temperature, and water surface evaporation data at nine the use of Western Tianshan area 9 county meteorological stations nearly 50 years of precipitation, temperature and evaporation observation data, of western Tianshan area were used to analyze analyzes the relationship between the drought index in West Tianshan area and dryness in the area, and to deduced the calculation method of water surface evaporation based on theof observed values of E601 evaporator observation value using is represented by the precipitation and temperature data. The results showed that ,the relationships between the annual and seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) drought indexes and drying indexes are significant at the representative stations of western Tianshan area, which indicates that the annual and seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) precipitation and average temperature data can be used to Western Tianshan area representative station and the relationship between the spring, summer, autumn three season drought index and dryness are good and very significant, can be used to calculate the corresponding empirical model of water surface evaporation is established by year or spring, summer, autumn three season precipitation and average air temperature data. Based on the verification calculations of water surface evaporation values at each station, the models of single station and five integrated stations can generate the results satisfying the regulations and technical standards of “Standard for Hydrological Information and Hydrological Forecasting”. Therefore, the calculation method is of practical significance. By fitting the test surface evaporation of each represent station calculation, single station and 5 station integrated model fitting results are in line with the "norm" forecast hydrological information and relevant regulations and technical standards, the calculating method has very good practical value.
The 50-year precipitation, temperature, and water surface evaporation data at nine the use of Western Tianshan area 9 county meteorological stations nearly 50 years of precipitation, temperature and evaporation observation data, of western Tianshan area were used to analyze analyzes the relationship between the drought index in West Tianshan area and dryness in the area, and to deduced the calculation method of water surface evaporation based on theof observed values of E601 evaporator observation value using is represented by the precipitation and temperature data. The results showed that ,the relationships between the annual and seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) drought indexes and drying indexes are significant at the representative stations of western Tianshan area, which indicates that the annual and seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) precipitation and average temperature data can be used to Western Tianshan area representative station and the relationship between the spring, summer, autumn three season drought index and dryness are good and very significant, can be used to calculate the corresponding empirical model of water surface evaporation is established by year or spring, summer, autumn three season precipitation and average air temperature data. Based on the verification calculations of water surface evaporation values at each station, the models of single station and five integrated stations can generate the results satisfying the regulations and technical standards of “Standard for Hydrological Information and Hydrological Forecasting”. Therefore, the calculation method is of practical significance. By fitting the test surface evaporation of each represent station calculation, single station and 5 station integrated model fitting results are in line with the "norm" forecast hydrological information and relevant regulations and technical standards, the calculating method has very good practical value.
2013(6):35-38.
Abstract:
Lots of medium and small rivers exist in Hebei Province, and flood disaster is one of the main natural disasters restricting the rapid development of social economy and threatening people's lives and property security. Based on the analysis of effects of r the source of water, weather system, and topography on the formation of rainstorm and flood characteristics in Hebei Province, the present situation of flood control problems in the small and medium-sized rivers were discussed. The results showed that human activities are the main factor affecting the flood control compared with natural factors. On this basis, as for the flood control and disaster reduction countermeasures in small and medium-sized rivers, the scope of river flood needs to be defined through the flood control planning and regulation line planning, the engineering measures are improved gradually and the flood control standard in the protection area along the river is increased, and a number of non-engineering measures are adopted to strengthen river management, restrict human activities, and regulate water order, which can improve the flood control system in the small and medium sized rivers, and therefore ensure the economic development along the river and improve people’s living standards to entering into well-off society.
Lots of medium and small rivers exist in Hebei Province, and flood disaster is one of the main natural disasters restricting the rapid development of social economy and threatening people's lives and property security. Based on the analysis of effects of r the source of water, weather system, and topography on the formation of rainstorm and flood characteristics in Hebei Province, the present situation of flood control problems in the small and medium-sized rivers were discussed. The results showed that human activities are the main factor affecting the flood control compared with natural factors. On this basis, as for the flood control and disaster reduction countermeasures in small and medium-sized rivers, the scope of river flood needs to be defined through the flood control planning and regulation line planning, the engineering measures are improved gradually and the flood control standard in the protection area along the river is increased, and a number of non-engineering measures are adopted to strengthen river management, restrict human activities, and regulate water order, which can improve the flood control system in the small and medium sized rivers, and therefore ensure the economic development along the river and improve people’s living standards to entering into well-off society.
2013(6):39-44.
Abstract:
The contents of total phosphorus and phosphorus fractions in sediments of Beiyun River in Beijing were determined by the SMT and Psenner sequential fractionation method. The results showed that the average content of TP is 1086.29 mg?kg-1, indicating heavy pollution in the river. The order of average content of phosphorus fractions was Ca-P>Al-P>Fe-P>NH4Cl-P>Res-P>Org-P, and the contents of the same phosphorus fractions can vary significantly at different sampling locations. According to the correlation analysis between phosphorus fraction and overlying water quality, the TP content of Beiyun River was mainly affected by NH4Cl-P, Fe-P, Al-P, and Res-P, and Al-P had the greatest effect. NH4Cl-P, Fe-P, Al-P, and Res-P had significant correlations with the phosphorus content of the overlying water. The average content of BAP (BAP≈NH4Cl-P+Fe-P+Al-P) accounted for 48.63% of TP. The contents of phosphorus, especially BAP, in sediments have significant impacts on the eutrophication of water quality in Beiyun River.
The contents of total phosphorus and phosphorus fractions in sediments of Beiyun River in Beijing were determined by the SMT and Psenner sequential fractionation method. The results showed that the average content of TP is 1086.29 mg?kg-1, indicating heavy pollution in the river. The order of average content of phosphorus fractions was Ca-P>Al-P>Fe-P>NH4Cl-P>Res-P>Org-P, and the contents of the same phosphorus fractions can vary significantly at different sampling locations. According to the correlation analysis between phosphorus fraction and overlying water quality, the TP content of Beiyun River was mainly affected by NH4Cl-P, Fe-P, Al-P, and Res-P, and Al-P had the greatest effect. NH4Cl-P, Fe-P, Al-P, and Res-P had significant correlations with the phosphorus content of the overlying water. The average content of BAP (BAP≈NH4Cl-P+Fe-P+Al-P) accounted for 48.63% of TP. The contents of phosphorus, especially BAP, in sediments have significant impacts on the eutrophication of water quality in Beiyun River.
2013(6):45-48.
Abstract:
The 137Cs isotope dating method was used to determine the dating of sediment cores in the Luoma Lake, and the vertical profile and horizontal distribution of heavy metals and nutrients were investigated. The results showed that (1) the average sedimentation rate of Luoma Lake is 3.5 mm/a; (2) the nutrient contents increase gradually and the contents of most heavy metals decrease or stay stable with the decreasing in depth, while the contents of Cd and Pb increase; and (3) the peak values of most heavy metals occurin the center of the lake, whereas the peak values of nutrients occur in the west and south of the lake. Therefore, the main pollution in the Luoma Lake was caused by Cd, Pb, and nutrients, and it occurred mainly in the center of the lake.
The 137Cs isotope dating method was used to determine the dating of sediment cores in the Luoma Lake, and the vertical profile and horizontal distribution of heavy metals and nutrients were investigated. The results showed that (1) the average sedimentation rate of Luoma Lake is 3.5 mm/a; (2) the nutrient contents increase gradually and the contents of most heavy metals decrease or stay stable with the decreasing in depth, while the contents of Cd and Pb increase; and (3) the peak values of most heavy metals occurin the center of the lake, whereas the peak values of nutrients occur in the west and south of the lake. Therefore, the main pollution in the Luoma Lake was caused by Cd, Pb, and nutrients, and it occurred mainly in the center of the lake.
2013(6):49-53.
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of the impact assessment of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project on the water environment of Nansi Lake, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was improved in combination with the fuzzy evaluation method to quantify the evaluation indicators which were mainly qualitative. The final evaluation result was 0.640, which indicated that the water diversion project has t certain positive impacts on the water environment of Nansi Lake.
Based on the analysis of the impact assessment of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project on the water environment of Nansi Lake, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was improved in combination with the fuzzy evaluation method to quantify the evaluation indicators which were mainly qualitative. The final evaluation result was 0.640, which indicated that the water diversion project has t certain positive impacts on the water environment of Nansi Lake.
2013(6):54-57.
Abstract:
The water quality data in the reservoirs of Tianjin Binhai New District were obtained through field sampling and laboratory analysis, and the Comprehensive Trophic Level Index Method was used to evaluate the eutrophication of each reservoir in Tianjin Binhai New District. The results indicated that (1) only Yingcheng Reservoir shows light eutrophication, whereas other reservoirs are moderately nutrient; (2) . some of the water quality indexes of Shajingzi Reservoir, Yingcheng Reservoir, and Qianquan Reservoir have higher values than those defined by the grade IV of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), and some of water quality indexes of Beidagang Reservoir and Beitang Reservoir have higher values than those defined by grade III; and (3) TP, TN, and CODCr of Beidagang Reservoir exceed the drinking water standard. This reservoir is an important water source area of Tianjin City, therefore it needs immediate water purifying measures.
The water quality data in the reservoirs of Tianjin Binhai New District were obtained through field sampling and laboratory analysis, and the Comprehensive Trophic Level Index Method was used to evaluate the eutrophication of each reservoir in Tianjin Binhai New District. The results indicated that (1) only Yingcheng Reservoir shows light eutrophication, whereas other reservoirs are moderately nutrient; (2) . some of the water quality indexes of Shajingzi Reservoir, Yingcheng Reservoir, and Qianquan Reservoir have higher values than those defined by the grade IV of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), and some of water quality indexes of Beidagang Reservoir and Beitang Reservoir have higher values than those defined by grade III; and (3) TP, TN, and CODCr of Beidagang Reservoir exceed the drinking water standard. This reservoir is an important water source area of Tianjin City, therefore it needs immediate water purifying measures.
2013(6):58-61.
Abstract:
In reference to the relevant research results at home and abroad and based on a comprehensive evaluation of the present situation and problems of the ecological environment of urban rivers and lakes in China, the analytic hierarchy process and membership function calculation method were used to establish the evaluation index system and evaluation standard for the ecological system of urban rivers and lakes. The evaluation index system was applied to analyze the ecological environment of rivers and lakes in Jiangsu Province according to the historical data and monitoring data of urban rivers and lakes. The results showed that the evaluation index system can conduct a comprehensive analysis of the ecological environment of urban rivers and lakes. Therefore, it can provide scientific basis and empirical reference for the comprehensive management of water pollution in urban rivers and lakes and ecological construction of urban areas..
In reference to the relevant research results at home and abroad and based on a comprehensive evaluation of the present situation and problems of the ecological environment of urban rivers and lakes in China, the analytic hierarchy process and membership function calculation method were used to establish the evaluation index system and evaluation standard for the ecological system of urban rivers and lakes. The evaluation index system was applied to analyze the ecological environment of rivers and lakes in Jiangsu Province according to the historical data and monitoring data of urban rivers and lakes. The results showed that the evaluation index system can conduct a comprehensive analysis of the ecological environment of urban rivers and lakes. Therefore, it can provide scientific basis and empirical reference for the comprehensive management of water pollution in urban rivers and lakes and ecological construction of urban areas..
2013(6):62-66.
Abstract:
According to the pollution control process of the first-stage construction in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the amounts of COD and ammonia discharge into the rivers in the Huaihe River Basin were analyzed from perspective of provinces and sections from 2002 to 2012 based on the planning year of 2000. The results showed that the pollution loads decrease significantly due to structural, engineering, and management discharge reductions. During the 10th five-year plan, the excessive growth of main pollutants discharge into the river was controlled within limits along the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Projection (SNWD). Therefore, during the 11th five-year plan, pollution load along the route showed a substantial decline. The pollution load along the route reached the overall planning control objective in 2010 and pollution control and discharge effects had been strengthened in 2012, which laid a solid foundation for the water service of the first-stage engineering project in the Eastern Route of SNWD in 2013.
According to the pollution control process of the first-stage construction in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the amounts of COD and ammonia discharge into the rivers in the Huaihe River Basin were analyzed from perspective of provinces and sections from 2002 to 2012 based on the planning year of 2000. The results showed that the pollution loads decrease significantly due to structural, engineering, and management discharge reductions. During the 10th five-year plan, the excessive growth of main pollutants discharge into the river was controlled within limits along the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Projection (SNWD). Therefore, during the 11th five-year plan, pollution load along the route showed a substantial decline. The pollution load along the route reached the overall planning control objective in 2010 and pollution control and discharge effects had been strengthened in 2012, which laid a solid foundation for the water service of the first-stage engineering project in the Eastern Route of SNWD in 2013.
2013(6):67-70.
Abstract:
Based on the field investigation and data collection, this paper evaluated the ecological environment status of the Weizhou spring area in Yehe River through topographic mapping, geophysical exploration, and water quality analysis of the outcrop area of Weizhou spring. The ecological tourism development of Weizhou spring area were analyzed using the SWOT model, and the suggestions of future development strategy was proposed based on the function division theory. The results showed that the Weizhou spring in Yehe River, as a typical spring-river wetland, has great advantages of spring water resources, natural ecological environment, and tourism resources exploration potential, but it also has disadvantages of backward development and weak infrastructure in development. The future development should take the growth-oriented development strategy, build the wetland landscape with high industrial value, and finally utilize the market effects to promote the protection of ecological environment in Yehe wetland.
Based on the field investigation and data collection, this paper evaluated the ecological environment status of the Weizhou spring area in Yehe River through topographic mapping, geophysical exploration, and water quality analysis of the outcrop area of Weizhou spring. The ecological tourism development of Weizhou spring area were analyzed using the SWOT model, and the suggestions of future development strategy was proposed based on the function division theory. The results showed that the Weizhou spring in Yehe River, as a typical spring-river wetland, has great advantages of spring water resources, natural ecological environment, and tourism resources exploration potential, but it also has disadvantages of backward development and weak infrastructure in development. The future development should take the growth-oriented development strategy, build the wetland landscape with high industrial value, and finally utilize the market effects to promote the protection of ecological environment in Yehe wetland.
2013(6):71-74.
Abstract:
In order to improve the automation level of monitoring and management of the rural water conservancy projects and to solve the problem of unable to interconnect between different application systems, the comprehensive management system of rural water conservancy project was developed in light of information collection, monitoring, network transmission, application, and information decision making. The system framework was established based on the architecture of internet of things, and the SOA and ESB technology were used to build the application support platform. The application results showed that the system can not only improve the management level of rural water conservancy project, but also provide effective support for the scientific decision making of rural water conservancy.
In order to improve the automation level of monitoring and management of the rural water conservancy projects and to solve the problem of unable to interconnect between different application systems, the comprehensive management system of rural water conservancy project was developed in light of information collection, monitoring, network transmission, application, and information decision making. The system framework was established based on the architecture of internet of things, and the SOA and ESB technology were used to build the application support platform. The application results showed that the system can not only improve the management level of rural water conservancy project, but also provide effective support for the scientific decision making of rural water conservancy.
2013(6):75-80.
Abstract:
Danjiangkou Reservoir is the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (MRSTNWTP). Thus, its water quality is of great significance to the project. In this study, we collected two HJ-1A/B remote sensing images of the Danjiangkou Reservoir in March and August, 2012. Combined with the in situ water quality data, retrieval models were established to analyze three water quality variables quantitatively, including the chlorophyll a (Chl_a) concentration, total phosphorus (TP) concentration, and water transparency (SD). The results showed that Chl_a and TP concentrations were much higher in the mouth of Dan region and Han region of the Danjiangkou Reservoir during both the dry and wet seasons, while SD was lower than that in other areas. Principal component analysis of the 14 water quality indicators and the remote sensing interpretation of LULC image in Danjiangkou Reservoir indicated that TP mainly comes from the domestic sewage and urban wastewater during the dry season, and from agriculture non-point source pollution during the wet season. The retrieval results of SD indicated that water loss and soil erosion in the upstream of Han River have negative effects on the water clarity of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, resulting in a lower SD in Han region than that in Dan region. Sediment deposition caused by soil erosion may decrease the storage capacity of the Danjiangkou Reservoir and endanger the safety of the MRSTNWTP. The retrieval results of Chl_a were used to analyze the water tropic status in Danjiangkou Reservoir, which indicated that Danjiangkou Reservoir was lightly eutrophicated in the mouth of the Dan region and Han region and some small water bodies. Thus, controlling the non-point source pollution in the upstream of Han River and ecological environment restoration should be implemented for water source conservation in the reservoir.
Danjiangkou Reservoir is the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (MRSTNWTP). Thus, its water quality is of great significance to the project. In this study, we collected two HJ-1A/B remote sensing images of the Danjiangkou Reservoir in March and August, 2012. Combined with the in situ water quality data, retrieval models were established to analyze three water quality variables quantitatively, including the chlorophyll a (Chl_a) concentration, total phosphorus (TP) concentration, and water transparency (SD). The results showed that Chl_a and TP concentrations were much higher in the mouth of Dan region and Han region of the Danjiangkou Reservoir during both the dry and wet seasons, while SD was lower than that in other areas. Principal component analysis of the 14 water quality indicators and the remote sensing interpretation of LULC image in Danjiangkou Reservoir indicated that TP mainly comes from the domestic sewage and urban wastewater during the dry season, and from agriculture non-point source pollution during the wet season. The retrieval results of SD indicated that water loss and soil erosion in the upstream of Han River have negative effects on the water clarity of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, resulting in a lower SD in Han region than that in Dan region. Sediment deposition caused by soil erosion may decrease the storage capacity of the Danjiangkou Reservoir and endanger the safety of the MRSTNWTP. The retrieval results of Chl_a were used to analyze the water tropic status in Danjiangkou Reservoir, which indicated that Danjiangkou Reservoir was lightly eutrophicated in the mouth of the Dan region and Han region and some small water bodies. Thus, controlling the non-point source pollution in the upstream of Han River and ecological environment restoration should be implemented for water source conservation in the reservoir.
2013(6):81-85.
Abstract:
In order to ensure the functional continuous flow and water quality safety of water supply in the Yellow River, a calculation model system of self-purification water requirements in the Yellow River was developed based on VB and Access. The system applied the three-tier client/server mode, and its core layer is the application layer which is composed of five sub-systems including the data acquisition and updating, plan formulation, model calculation, results query, and system management. The system can be used to calculate the self-purification water requirements under the spatial distribution conditions of specific outlets and tributaries of the Yellow River. According to different background concentrations and river pollution conditions of the upstream water, this system can perform the optimization calculation to determine the minimum water and water process which can allow the pollutants to be stored in the river and satisfy the requirements of water quality objectives. The system is convenient with friendly interfaces, and has significant practicability and reference value.
In order to ensure the functional continuous flow and water quality safety of water supply in the Yellow River, a calculation model system of self-purification water requirements in the Yellow River was developed based on VB and Access. The system applied the three-tier client/server mode, and its core layer is the application layer which is composed of five sub-systems including the data acquisition and updating, plan formulation, model calculation, results query, and system management. The system can be used to calculate the self-purification water requirements under the spatial distribution conditions of specific outlets and tributaries of the Yellow River. According to different background concentrations and river pollution conditions of the upstream water, this system can perform the optimization calculation to determine the minimum water and water process which can allow the pollutants to be stored in the river and satisfy the requirements of water quality objectives. The system is convenient with friendly interfaces, and has significant practicability and reference value.
2013(6):86-89.
Abstract:
We analyzed the impacts of cement type, fly ash, and fiber on the shrinkage of lining concrete according to the structural features and situation of large channel lining concrete, and the shrinkage included plastic shrinkage，drying shrinkage, and autogenous shrinkage. The results showed that (1) the concrete shrinkage reduces effectively with high-quality fly ash adding into the concrete mixture; (2) the shrinkage resistance of concrete improves with fiber adding into the concrete mixture; (3) P·O42.5 cement has higher shrinkage resistance than P·C32.5 cement; and (4) the concrete has high crack resistance with high-quality fly ash and fiber adding into concrete and the usage of P·O42.5 cement. In order to prevent the channel concrete cracks, several recommendations were proposed according to the characteristics and impact factors of different cracks.
We analyzed the impacts of cement type, fly ash, and fiber on the shrinkage of lining concrete according to the structural features and situation of large channel lining concrete, and the shrinkage included plastic shrinkage，drying shrinkage, and autogenous shrinkage. The results showed that (1) the concrete shrinkage reduces effectively with high-quality fly ash adding into the concrete mixture; (2) the shrinkage resistance of concrete improves with fiber adding into the concrete mixture; (3) P·O42.5 cement has higher shrinkage resistance than P·C32.5 cement; and (4) the concrete has high crack resistance with high-quality fly ash and fiber adding into concrete and the usage of P·O42.5 cement. In order to prevent the channel concrete cracks, several recommendations were proposed according to the characteristics and impact factors of different cracks.
2013(6):90-92.
Abstract:
The temperature difference and thermal stress of a box aqueduct under the solar radiation was simulated using the finite element software ANSYS. The results indicated that the considerable thermal stresses occur along the longitudinal and transverse directions of the inter-surface of the concrete box aqueduct, and the average value of the thermal stresses exceeds the design tensile strength of concrete. Therefore, the thermal stress generated by the solar radiation should be considered in the design of body structure of box aqueduct, and temperature reinforcement needs to be configured during the design process.
The temperature difference and thermal stress of a box aqueduct under the solar radiation was simulated using the finite element software ANSYS. The results indicated that the considerable thermal stresses occur along the longitudinal and transverse directions of the inter-surface of the concrete box aqueduct, and the average value of the thermal stresses exceeds the design tensile strength of concrete. Therefore, the thermal stress generated by the solar radiation should be considered in the design of body structure of box aqueduct, and temperature reinforcement needs to be configured during the design process.
2013(6):93-97.
Abstract:
The theory of nonlinear elastic K-G model was applied to analyze the stress and deformation of the concrete faced rockfill dam in Tianchi reservoir. The combination method of CAD drawings and program control was used to develop the model of the dam and foundation. The fault structures and bank slope change were considered in the model, and thus a more refined three-dimensional finite element model was obtained. The dam was simulated using the method of step-by-step loading, and the displacement formula of modified step-by-step loading was used to conduct three-dimensional finite element analysis of the stress and deformation during the completion period and under normal water level conditions. The effects of the fault structures on the stress and deformation of the high concrete faced rockfill dam were determined for the two working conditions.
The theory of nonlinear elastic K-G model was applied to analyze the stress and deformation of the concrete faced rockfill dam in Tianchi reservoir. The combination method of CAD drawings and program control was used to develop the model of the dam and foundation. The fault structures and bank slope change were considered in the model, and thus a more refined three-dimensional finite element model was obtained. The dam was simulated using the method of step-by-step loading, and the displacement formula of modified step-by-step loading was used to conduct three-dimensional finite element analysis of the stress and deformation during the completion period and under normal water level conditions. The effects of the fault structures on the stress and deformation of the high concrete faced rockfill dam were determined for the two working conditions.
2013(6):98-101.
Abstract:
According to the analysis of the main factors affecting the operation risk of open channel in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, a risk evaluation index system was developed for the open channel. A multiple attribute assessment model with intuitionistic fuzzy set theory was introduced to analyze each evaluation index quantitatively by providing the membership degree, non-membership degree, and hesitancy degree. The scoring function and the “Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution”method were used to evaluate the results and to obtain the risk level. In this paper, the risk evaluation index system was applied to the Chaohe Section of the main channel in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which suggested that the evaluation system is effective and practicable; therefore it can provide references for the risk management of engineering operation.
According to the analysis of the main factors affecting the operation risk of open channel in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, a risk evaluation index system was developed for the open channel. A multiple attribute assessment model with intuitionistic fuzzy set theory was introduced to analyze each evaluation index quantitatively by providing the membership degree, non-membership degree, and hesitancy degree. The scoring function and the “Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution”method were used to evaluate the results and to obtain the risk level. In this paper, the risk evaluation index system was applied to the Chaohe Section of the main channel in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which suggested that the evaluation system is effective and practicable; therefore it can provide references for the risk management of engineering operation.
2013(6):102-105.
Abstract:
The combination method of numerical calculation and model test was applied to investigate the effects of middle division pier on the hydraulic loss and flow uniformity and average flow entrance angle at the outlet conduit when the inflow direction was oblique at the elbow inlet conduit. The influence mechanism was analyzed preliminarily. The research results indicated that (1) the influence of the middle division pier on the flow pattern at the elbow inlet conduit is insignificant with an increasing of hydraulic loss of about 0.005 m under the design discharge; (2) when transverse velocity exists in the forebay, the middle division pier is beneficial to improve the flow pattern at the inlet conduit; and (3) the increasing of hydraulic loss at the inlet conduit is mainly due to the increasing of flow velocity caused by the reduction of flow area. The results obtained from the numerical simulation method were consistent with those determined by the model test method.
The combination method of numerical calculation and model test was applied to investigate the effects of middle division pier on the hydraulic loss and flow uniformity and average flow entrance angle at the outlet conduit when the inflow direction was oblique at the elbow inlet conduit. The influence mechanism was analyzed preliminarily. The research results indicated that (1) the influence of the middle division pier on the flow pattern at the elbow inlet conduit is insignificant with an increasing of hydraulic loss of about 0.005 m under the design discharge; (2) when transverse velocity exists in the forebay, the middle division pier is beneficial to improve the flow pattern at the inlet conduit; and (3) the increasing of hydraulic loss at the inlet conduit is mainly due to the increasing of flow velocity caused by the reduction of flow area. The results obtained from the numerical simulation method were consistent with those determined by the model test method.
2013(6):106-109.
Abstract:
The bubble motion in the centrifugal pump was investigated based on the coherent structure in the near-wall region. First, the Morrison equation of bubble was used to determine the normal velocity in the near-wall region. Then, the flow velocity of bubble was obtained based on the coherent structure under the “sweep” conditions. Finally, the shock angle of bubble in the centrifugal pump with coherent structure on the impeller wall was obtained based on the above two velocities. . The results showed that the “sweep” effects of coherent structure in the near-wall region of the centrifugal pump can cause the small-angle shock failure from the sand to the impeller wall, which was in coincidence with the previous research results.
The bubble motion in the centrifugal pump was investigated based on the coherent structure in the near-wall region. First, the Morrison equation of bubble was used to determine the normal velocity in the near-wall region. Then, the flow velocity of bubble was obtained based on the coherent structure under the “sweep” conditions. Finally, the shock angle of bubble in the centrifugal pump with coherent structure on the impeller wall was obtained based on the above two velocities. . The results showed that the “sweep” effects of coherent structure in the near-wall region of the centrifugal pump can cause the small-angle shock failure from the sand to the impeller wall, which was in coincidence with the previous research results.
2013(6):110-113.
Abstract:
A landslide is located in the monoclinal structural zone at the right bank of the proposed Kala hydropower station in the Yalong River Basin, and it has a square distribution and a volume of 1.22×108 m3with a main slide in NE direction. The local surface creep deformation occurs in the middle and lower parts of the landslide, and its deformation mechanism is the peristalsis~cracking~sliding type. Based on the field geological investigation and exploration results, the elastic finite element method was used to simulate the landslide deformation in consideration of the geological conditions of the landslide. The results showed that (1) the landslide is stable under natural conditions, and the maximum shear stress is located around the sliding zone with a value of about 0.27 MPa; (2) the horizontal displacement is dominated in the middle and lower parts of the landslide, and the landslide is sensitive to the constraints of force under the action of the gravity; and (3) the vertical displacement is dominated in the upper part of the landslide.
A landslide is located in the monoclinal structural zone at the right bank of the proposed Kala hydropower station in the Yalong River Basin, and it has a square distribution and a volume of 1.22×108 m3with a main slide in NE direction. The local surface creep deformation occurs in the middle and lower parts of the landslide, and its deformation mechanism is the peristalsis~cracking~sliding type. Based on the field geological investigation and exploration results, the elastic finite element method was used to simulate the landslide deformation in consideration of the geological conditions of the landslide. The results showed that (1) the landslide is stable under natural conditions, and the maximum shear stress is located around the sliding zone with a value of about 0.27 MPa; (2) the horizontal displacement is dominated in the middle and lower parts of the landslide, and the landslide is sensitive to the constraints of force under the action of the gravity; and (3) the vertical displacement is dominated in the upper part of the landslide.
2013(6):114-119.
Abstract:
With the construction of the Ningdong energy chemical base, water quality research of groundwater in the water supply source area of the energy base reserve area is of predominant significance. Based on the analysis of fluorine contents in 86 groundwater samples of different depths in the aquifers of northern Yanchi, the spatial distribution of groundwater with high fluorine was investigated, and its impact factors were also discussed, including the topography and geomorphology, formation lithology, hydrogeological conditions, and water chemical characteristics. The results showed that (1) the horizontal distribution of fluoride content is controlled by topography and physiognomy, with higher fluorine content in the ditch while lower fluorine content in the eolian sand area; (2) the vertical distribution of fluorine content is controlled by alternate rate of groundwater cycle, and therefore the Quaternary eolian sand aquifer and 100-200 m aquifer of upper Huanhe formation of Cretaceous have low fluorine content due to fast alternate rate; (3)higher fluoride content in the sandstone and mudstone of upper Huanhe formation of Cretaceous is the direct cause of high fluorine groundwater. Strong evaporation and salt accumulation in the ditch can cause the formation of high fluorine water; and (4) higher TDS, SO4?Cl—Na type, and alkalescent water is beneficial to the accumulation of fluorine.
With the construction of the Ningdong energy chemical base, water quality research of groundwater in the water supply source area of the energy base reserve area is of predominant significance. Based on the analysis of fluorine contents in 86 groundwater samples of different depths in the aquifers of northern Yanchi, the spatial distribution of groundwater with high fluorine was investigated, and its impact factors were also discussed, including the topography and geomorphology, formation lithology, hydrogeological conditions, and water chemical characteristics. The results showed that (1) the horizontal distribution of fluoride content is controlled by topography and physiognomy, with higher fluorine content in the ditch while lower fluorine content in the eolian sand area; (2) the vertical distribution of fluorine content is controlled by alternate rate of groundwater cycle, and therefore the Quaternary eolian sand aquifer and 100-200 m aquifer of upper Huanhe formation of Cretaceous have low fluorine content due to fast alternate rate; (3)higher fluoride content in the sandstone and mudstone of upper Huanhe formation of Cretaceous is the direct cause of high fluorine groundwater. Strong evaporation and salt accumulation in the ditch can cause the formation of high fluorine water; and (4) higher TDS, SO4?Cl—Na type, and alkalescent water is beneficial to the accumulation of fluorine.
2013(6):120-124.
Abstract:
Groundwater problem is one of the three major technical problems during the construction of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the dynamic variation of groundwater level along the diversion project is of great significance for ensuring the safety of the project. The groundwater levels in 22 monitoring wells along the section of Sha River to Yellow River of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project were measured during the wet and dry seasons from 2010 to 2012, and the long-term monitoring data of 11 national groundwater observation wells within the scope of 40 km along the section were collected. Based on the analysis of the monitoring data, the variation trend of groundwater level was stable in the section of Sha River to Yellow River of the Middle Route. However, due to the complexity of hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions along the section (Expansive soil drainage and wide distribution of perched water), groundwater is still likely to threaten the safety of project under the unfavorable conditions such as heavy rainfall.
Groundwater problem is one of the three major technical problems during the construction of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the dynamic variation of groundwater level along the diversion project is of great significance for ensuring the safety of the project. The groundwater levels in 22 monitoring wells along the section of Sha River to Yellow River of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project were measured during the wet and dry seasons from 2010 to 2012, and the long-term monitoring data of 11 national groundwater observation wells within the scope of 40 km along the section were collected. Based on the analysis of the monitoring data, the variation trend of groundwater level was stable in the section of Sha River to Yellow River of the Middle Route. However, due to the complexity of hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions along the section (Expansive soil drainage and wide distribution of perched water), groundwater is still likely to threaten the safety of project under the unfavorable conditions such as heavy rainfall.
2013(6):125-128.
Abstract:
Based on the deformation monitoring data of a rock slope from 2002 to 2011 and the geological and meteorological conditions of the area, "PauTa" rule was used to select the effective monitoring data, and the GM (1,1) model and trend curve prediction model were developed. The optimal weighted combination model of slope deformation was established based on the optimal weighted combination principle. The combination model was used to predict the slope deformation. The comparison between the predicted and actual deformation trend suggested that the prediction accuracy of the combination model is higher than that of any single model, and therefore the combination model is more reasonable and reliable.
Based on the deformation monitoring data of a rock slope from 2002 to 2011 and the geological and meteorological conditions of the area, "PauTa" rule was used to select the effective monitoring data, and the GM (1,1) model and trend curve prediction model were developed. The optimal weighted combination model of slope deformation was established based on the optimal weighted combination principle. The combination model was used to predict the slope deformation. The comparison between the predicted and actual deformation trend suggested that the prediction accuracy of the combination model is higher than that of any single model, and therefore the combination model is more reasonable and reliable.
2013(6):129-132.
Abstract:
Based on the dynamic analysis of deep groundwater level (depth) and the present geological and environmental conditions in Hebei plain, the degree of deep groundwater exploitation was evaluated. It concluded that more than 60% of the total area in Hebei plain is in serious over-exploitation status, which can provide references for the implementation of the most strict water management. Finally, several measures were proposed to mitigate groundwater over-exploitation from the aspects of water conservation, adjustment of the exploited layers, water diversion, water regulation and storage, and utilization of the polluted water resources.
Based on the dynamic analysis of deep groundwater level (depth) and the present geological and environmental conditions in Hebei plain, the degree of deep groundwater exploitation was evaluated. It concluded that more than 60% of the total area in Hebei plain is in serious over-exploitation status, which can provide references for the implementation of the most strict water management. Finally, several measures were proposed to mitigate groundwater over-exploitation from the aspects of water conservation, adjustment of the exploited layers, water diversion, water regulation and storage, and utilization of the polluted water resources.
2013(6):138-143.
Abstract:
Human-water relationship is a vital topic in the research of water resources, which can be considered as the game between human and water. Human-water game is an important quantitative method for the research of human-water harmony. To date, extensive research and practice have been carried out on the game theory of human-water relationship. Based on the broad overview of previous literatures on the game theory of human-water relationship, this paper summarized and analyzed the research progress and current problems in the research of game theory of human-water relationship from the aspects of concept and connotation, theory and method, and practical applications, respectively. Finally, in connection with the current new situation of water conservancy modernization, the most stringent water management system, and water ecological civilization construction, this paper proposed a new method for the research of game theory of human-water relationship in order to provide guidance for relevant research.
Human-water relationship is a vital topic in the research of water resources, which can be considered as the game between human and water. Human-water game is an important quantitative method for the research of human-water harmony. To date, extensive research and practice have been carried out on the game theory of human-water relationship. Based on the broad overview of previous literatures on the game theory of human-water relationship, this paper summarized and analyzed the research progress and current problems in the research of game theory of human-water relationship from the aspects of concept and connotation, theory and method, and practical applications, respectively. Finally, in connection with the current new situation of water conservancy modernization, the most stringent water management system, and water ecological civilization construction, this paper proposed a new method for the research of game theory of human-water relationship in order to provide guidance for relevant research.
2013(6):144-147.
Abstract:
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has instructive significance to explore the relationship between environmental protection and economic development and to seek the coordinated development of economy and environment. Based on the analysis of the basic conception of EKC hypothesis, the research progress of the impact factors, theoretical developments, and empirical studies of EKC were illustrated in this paper, and the existing problems of the hypothesis were also discussed. Finally, it was noted that under the international trade conditions, the developing countries should study the clean technology, policy reformation, public education, and environmental law system from the developed countries, which can help them decrease the EKC turn point, flatten EKC curve, and seek for win-win relationship between economy and environment.
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has instructive significance to explore the relationship between environmental protection and economic development and to seek the coordinated development of economy and environment. Based on the analysis of the basic conception of EKC hypothesis, the research progress of the impact factors, theoretical developments, and empirical studies of EKC were illustrated in this paper, and the existing problems of the hypothesis were also discussed. Finally, it was noted that under the international trade conditions, the developing countries should study the clean technology, policy reformation, public education, and environmental law system from the developed countries, which can help them decrease the EKC turn point, flatten EKC curve, and seek for win-win relationship between economy and environment.
2013(6):148-152.
Abstract:
Based on the cost composition and joint cost characteristics of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the cost allocation method was selected according to the features of joint cost. On the basis of two-part water price mechanism composed of the basic water price and measured water price, the water price calculation method for the entrance of main line was designed with price slope from front to back, and two-part water price for each province along the Middle Route was calculated. The sensitivity analysis was applied to characterize the main factors of water price. The results showed that the two-part water price and its determination methods are feasible and the calculated water price is within the scope of consumers’ bearing capability. Water price is greatly affected by water supply. The two-part water price mechanism can provide references for the establishment and adjustment of water price in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Based on the cost composition and joint cost characteristics of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the cost allocation method was selected according to the features of joint cost. On the basis of two-part water price mechanism composed of the basic water price and measured water price, the water price calculation method for the entrance of main line was designed with price slope from front to back, and two-part water price for each province along the Middle Route was calculated. The sensitivity analysis was applied to characterize the main factors of water price. The results showed that the two-part water price and its determination methods are feasible and the calculated water price is within the scope of consumers’ bearing capability. Water price is greatly affected by water supply. The two-part water price mechanism can provide references for the establishment and adjustment of water price in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
2013(6):153-156.
Abstract:
The establishment of ecological compensation mechanism in the water source area is one of the most important contents for the paid utilization system of water resources, and the measurement and calculation of ecological compensation are an important guarantee for the paid utilization system. In this study, the central water source area in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project was selected. The methods such as the ecological service function value, static accumulation, and indirect calculation were used to determine the ecological compensation in this area from the aspects of direct cost of ecological protection construction and indirect cost of development opportunity loss. The results showed that 0.44 billion yuan per year should be compensated according to the direct cost of ecological protection construction and water environment treatment, and a total of 0.28 billion yuan should be compensated according to the indirect cost of development opportunity loss. On the basis, the development stage coefficient and the distribution rate were introduced to compute the distribution weight coefficient of the water intake area. It was determined that Henan Province Hebei Province, Beijing, and Tianjin should pay 0.13, 0.13, 0.05, and 0.029 billion yuan to Shiyan City for the usage of water resources in 2011, respectively.
The establishment of ecological compensation mechanism in the water source area is one of the most important contents for the paid utilization system of water resources, and the measurement and calculation of ecological compensation are an important guarantee for the paid utilization system. In this study, the central water source area in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project was selected. The methods such as the ecological service function value, static accumulation, and indirect calculation were used to determine the ecological compensation in this area from the aspects of direct cost of ecological protection construction and indirect cost of development opportunity loss. The results showed that 0.44 billion yuan per year should be compensated according to the direct cost of ecological protection construction and water environment treatment, and a total of 0.28 billion yuan should be compensated according to the indirect cost of development opportunity loss. On the basis, the development stage coefficient and the distribution rate were introduced to compute the distribution weight coefficient of the water intake area. It was determined that Henan Province Hebei Province, Beijing, and Tianjin should pay 0.13, 0.13, 0.05, and 0.029 billion yuan to Shiyan City for the usage of water resources in 2011, respectively.
2013(6):157-162.
Abstract:
According to the analysis of effects of climate change on the agricultural development in Hebei Province, different technical measures were proposed which are available and adapting to climate change. The Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to perform quantitative recognition of the water conservancy and agricultural measures in order to evaluate and prioritize the adaptive techniques in different area, and an integrated agricultural water-saving and cultivation technology was proposed adapting to climate change. The results can enhance the adaptability of agriculture in the demonstration area to climate change, reduce the vulnerability of water resources system , and ensure the sustainable development of agricultural production.
According to the analysis of effects of climate change on the agricultural development in Hebei Province, different technical measures were proposed which are available and adapting to climate change. The Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to perform quantitative recognition of the water conservancy and agricultural measures in order to evaluate and prioritize the adaptive techniques in different area, and an integrated agricultural water-saving and cultivation technology was proposed adapting to climate change. The results can enhance the adaptability of agriculture in the demonstration area to climate change, reduce the vulnerability of water resources system , and ensure the sustainable development of agricultural production.
2013(6):163-166.
Abstract:
Prediction of the thermal discharge of water environment of a power plant can reasonably arrange the water intake and drainage project of the power plant, which can help the power plant obtain the low-temperature water and fully dissipate the waste heat into the water environment. In this study, a power plant in Changshu City was chosen. According to the convection-diffusion characteristics of flow and contaminants in the water environment of the power plant, the 2-D flow mathematical model in the Delft-3D software was used to simulate the thermal discharge of the power plant. On the basis of the verification of water depths and flow velocities, the distribution of temperature field was evaluated. The results showed that the affected area of temperature rise and the diffusion distance to downstream and offshore are larger under neap tide conditions than that under spring tide conditions, while the temperature rise at the water intake area is small under the two tide conditions.
Prediction of the thermal discharge of water environment of a power plant can reasonably arrange the water intake and drainage project of the power plant, which can help the power plant obtain the low-temperature water and fully dissipate the waste heat into the water environment. In this study, a power plant in Changshu City was chosen. According to the convection-diffusion characteristics of flow and contaminants in the water environment of the power plant, the 2-D flow mathematical model in the Delft-3D software was used to simulate the thermal discharge of the power plant. On the basis of the verification of water depths and flow velocities, the distribution of temperature field was evaluated. The results showed that the affected area of temperature rise and the diffusion distance to downstream and offshore are larger under neap tide conditions than that under spring tide conditions, while the temperature rise at the water intake area is small under the two tide conditions.
2013(6):167-170.
Abstract:
With the rapid development of economy in Dagang District of Tianjin, water consumption increases continuously and water supply pipe network expands and becomes complex. However, the current water supply management system cannot catch up with the economy development, which can lead to severe problems in water supply. In this paper, the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) of risk analysis was used to perform the hazard analysis of the water supply system in Dagang District. The key factors affecting the safety of water suppy were identified, and on this basis, the control measures and a reasonable water allocation scheme were proposed.
With the rapid development of economy in Dagang District of Tianjin, water consumption increases continuously and water supply pipe network expands and becomes complex. However, the current water supply management system cannot catch up with the economy development, which can lead to severe problems in water supply. In this paper, the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) of risk analysis was used to perform the hazard analysis of the water supply system in Dagang District. The key factors affecting the safety of water suppy were identified, and on this basis, the control measures and a reasonable water allocation scheme were proposed.
2013(6):171-173.
Abstract:
Vibration modal analysis is essential for the design of construction trestle. The modal analysis was performed on the temporary construction transportation trestle behind the 38 # ~ 25 # dam of the Danjiangkou dam heightening project in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, and the natural frequencies and principal vibration modes for the first 8-order modals were determined. The results showed that the construction trestle might resonate when the frequencies of external drive are close to the natural frequencies of the construction trestle, which can cause serious damage to the structure of construction trestle. Moreover, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth strides were weaker than other strides, therefore the stay of the cars with similar frequencies should be avoided. The results can provide significant basis for the dynamic design of trestle structure and the design of other structures.
Vibration modal analysis is essential for the design of construction trestle. The modal analysis was performed on the temporary construction transportation trestle behind the 38 # ~ 25 # dam of the Danjiangkou dam heightening project in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, and the natural frequencies and principal vibration modes for the first 8-order modals were determined. The results showed that the construction trestle might resonate when the frequencies of external drive are close to the natural frequencies of the construction trestle, which can cause serious damage to the structure of construction trestle. Moreover, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth strides were weaker than other strides, therefore the stay of the cars with similar frequencies should be avoided. The results can provide significant basis for the dynamic design of trestle structure and the design of other structures.
2013(6):174-177.
Abstract:
The hydraulic design of the tidal gate is in close relationship with upstream excess water and downstream tide; however, there is no standard calculation method for the hydraulic design. In this paper, a tidal gate in the coastal area was studied. Due to the lack of collection of basic information during the construction of the tidal gate, the combination water level of energy dissipation design was not reasonable, which caused serious damage to the engineering energy dissipation facilities. When there is emigration for the tidal gate in the long channel, the tidal information in the new gate is of important significance. Based on the analysis of the causes of problems, during the reinforcement reconstruction, several key technical problems were analyzed such as the calculation of total clear width of tidal gate and design of energy dissipation and scour prevention, which can provide references for the design of similar tidal gates.
The hydraulic design of the tidal gate is in close relationship with upstream excess water and downstream tide; however, there is no standard calculation method for the hydraulic design. In this paper, a tidal gate in the coastal area was studied. Due to the lack of collection of basic information during the construction of the tidal gate, the combination water level of energy dissipation design was not reasonable, which caused serious damage to the engineering energy dissipation facilities. When there is emigration for the tidal gate in the long channel, the tidal information in the new gate is of important significance. Based on the analysis of the causes of problems, during the reinforcement reconstruction, several key technical problems were analyzed such as the calculation of total clear width of tidal gate and design of energy dissipation and scour prevention, which can provide references for the design of similar tidal gates.
2013(6):178-180.
Abstract:
The inundation areas between the Beiru River and Shi River and at the right side of the Shi River are at high risk of flooding due to low elevation. Construction of the main channel and river buildings in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project decreases the cross section of flood flowing area and therefore affects the flood flowing in the river with higher water level and longer inundation time in the upstream of river. The inundation depth of farmland and village increases in the upstream as well. In this paper, four different engineering measures for mitigating the inundation effects were compared based on the furcating-conflux flow characteristics of Beiru River, including the resettlement, river protection, river treatment, and combination of river protection and treatment. The results showed that the third measure is the best option in consideration of technical feasibility, economic optimization, and guarantee of people’s living standards to the maximum extent.
The inundation areas between the Beiru River and Shi River and at the right side of the Shi River are at high risk of flooding due to low elevation. Construction of the main channel and river buildings in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project decreases the cross section of flood flowing area and therefore affects the flood flowing in the river with higher water level and longer inundation time in the upstream of river. The inundation depth of farmland and village increases in the upstream as well. In this paper, four different engineering measures for mitigating the inundation effects were compared based on the furcating-conflux flow characteristics of Beiru River, including the resettlement, river protection, river treatment, and combination of river protection and treatment. The results showed that the third measure is the best option in consideration of technical feasibility, economic optimization, and guarantee of people’s living standards to the maximum extent.
2013(6):181-184.
Abstract:
According to the engineering design and geological conditions of the pressure pipe in DAPEIN (I) hydropower station, two types of bifurcation pipes were chosen including the buried type steel bifurcation pipe and reinforced concrete bifurcation pipe. Three-dimensional numerical analysis models were developed for both types of bifurcation pipes and model results were compared from the aspects of the bifurcation pipe position, bifurcation pipe size design, and stress and deformation. The results showed that the wall rock of the steel bifurcation pipe is grade IV, which has relatively poor conditions. The stresses on the shell and wall of steel bifurcation pipe are high, and the pipe has complexity of welding technology, difficulty in construction, and high cost. The wall rock of the concrete branch pipe is grade II~III. The concrete branch pipe uses the "Y" type structure with concentrated stress near the bifurcation, and double reinforced concrete is used. The wall rock needs the consolidation grouting and backfill grouting treatments.
According to the engineering design and geological conditions of the pressure pipe in DAPEIN (I) hydropower station, two types of bifurcation pipes were chosen including the buried type steel bifurcation pipe and reinforced concrete bifurcation pipe. Three-dimensional numerical analysis models were developed for both types of bifurcation pipes and model results were compared from the aspects of the bifurcation pipe position, bifurcation pipe size design, and stress and deformation. The results showed that the wall rock of the steel bifurcation pipe is grade IV, which has relatively poor conditions. The stresses on the shell and wall of steel bifurcation pipe are high, and the pipe has complexity of welding technology, difficulty in construction, and high cost. The wall rock of the concrete branch pipe is grade II~III. The concrete branch pipe uses the "Y" type structure with concentrated stress near the bifurcation, and double reinforced concrete is used. The wall rock needs the consolidation grouting and backfill grouting treatments.
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