Volume 12,Issue 2,2014 Table of Contents
1 Analysis on Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Rainstorms in Huang-Huai-Hai Area from 1961 to 2010
2014, 12(2):1-5.
Abstract:
Based on the daily rainfall data at 61 stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai area from 1961 to 2010 and the data of《Tropical Cyclone Yearbook》, the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclone and tropical cyclone rainstorm were analyzed using the methods of regression analysis and ArcGIS spatial analysis. The results showed that the tropical cyclone in the Huang-Huai-Hai region usually lands intensely in the coastal place of Zhejiang and Fujian in August with the type of northward class path. Overall, the tropical cyclone rainstorm of the Huang-Huai-Hai area accounts for a small proportion of the total storm, but it has high intensity and the average amount of tropical cyclone rainstorm reaches 93.2 mm, which is similar to the heavy rainstorm. The temporal and spatial distribution of the frequency and amount of tropical cyclone rainstorm are both unbalanced. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclone rainstorm in the Huang-Huai-Hai region increases in recent years, and the east coast and central and western regions?are most likely influenced by tropical cyclone with high frequency and heavy rainstorm. In addition, the frequency of tropical cyclone rainstorm shows a decreasing trend from east to west on the whole, but the distribution of rainstorm quantity is not apparent.
Based on the daily rainfall data at 61 stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai area from 1961 to 2010 and the data of《Tropical Cyclone Yearbook》, the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclone and tropical cyclone rainstorm were analyzed using the methods of regression analysis and ArcGIS spatial analysis. The results showed that the tropical cyclone in the Huang-Huai-Hai region usually lands intensely in the coastal place of Zhejiang and Fujian in August with the type of northward class path. Overall, the tropical cyclone rainstorm of the Huang-Huai-Hai area accounts for a small proportion of the total storm, but it has high intensity and the average amount of tropical cyclone rainstorm reaches 93.2 mm, which is similar to the heavy rainstorm. The temporal and spatial distribution of the frequency and amount of tropical cyclone rainstorm are both unbalanced. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclone rainstorm in the Huang-Huai-Hai region increases in recent years, and the east coast and central and western regions?are most likely influenced by tropical cyclone with high frequency and heavy rainstorm. In addition, the frequency of tropical cyclone rainstorm shows a decreasing trend from east to west on the whole, but the distribution of rainstorm quantity is not apparent.
2014, 12(2):6-10.
Abstract:
Under the influence of infrastructure construction，industrial and agricultural production，ecological environment construction, and other human activities，the underlying surface of the Haihe River Basin has been changed，which leads to corresponding variation in the design flood. In this paper，based on the data of measured rainfall and runoff in the Wangkuai Reservoir，the trend and aberrance point of rainfall and flood peak were analyzed and used to identify the aberrance point in the series of reservoir inflow flood. The rainfall-runoff relationship method and the peak-volume correlation method were used to modify the series of flood volume and flood peak in the Wangkuai Reservoir, and flood frequency analysis was performed on the flood series before and after modification. The results showed that the variation of underlying surface can cause the reduction in the reservoir inflow design flood, and the corresponding flood control standard of the worst flood once in ten thousand years has decreased by 2.38%. The study of the revision on reservoir inflow design flood under then variation of underlying surface is of important significance for the adjustment of flood control measures and layout of flood control engineering.
Under the influence of infrastructure construction，industrial and agricultural production，ecological environment construction, and other human activities，the underlying surface of the Haihe River Basin has been changed，which leads to corresponding variation in the design flood. In this paper，based on the data of measured rainfall and runoff in the Wangkuai Reservoir，the trend and aberrance point of rainfall and flood peak were analyzed and used to identify the aberrance point in the series of reservoir inflow flood. The rainfall-runoff relationship method and the peak-volume correlation method were used to modify the series of flood volume and flood peak in the Wangkuai Reservoir, and flood frequency analysis was performed on the flood series before and after modification. The results showed that the variation of underlying surface can cause the reduction in the reservoir inflow design flood, and the corresponding flood control standard of the worst flood once in ten thousand years has decreased by 2.38%. The study of the revision on reservoir inflow design flood under then variation of underlying surface is of important significance for the adjustment of flood control measures and layout of flood control engineering.
2014, 12(2):11-14.
Abstract:
Water resource management business system division is one of the main contents of water resources management information system planning. Based on the BSP（Business System Planning）method and the identification and ordination of water resources management and business processes, a water management business model was developed, which was used to define the data class and to construct the C-U matrix; Through the analysis of data relationships in the C-U matrix, the business subsystems were divided for the water resources management business system. The core of the obtained water management business system division was data and data relationships. Furthermore, the system was independent of the organizational structure, thus it had strong adaptability to the environmental change. The stable data structure can be used to support a long-time development of water resources management information system.
Water resource management business system division is one of the main contents of water resources management information system planning. Based on the BSP（Business System Planning）method and the identification and ordination of water resources management and business processes, a water management business model was developed, which was used to define the data class and to construct the C-U matrix; Through the analysis of data relationships in the C-U matrix, the business subsystems were divided for the water resources management business system. The core of the obtained water management business system division was data and data relationships. Furthermore, the system was independent of the organizational structure, thus it had strong adaptability to the environmental change. The stable data structure can be used to support a long-time development of water resources management information system.
2014, 12(2):15-19.
Abstract:
Coevolutionary genetic algorithm is a kind of GA based on multi-population’s concurrent evolution, which is more suitable for solving the complex optimization problems because multi-population can better correspond to objects of different nature. Lakefront river network region has the patterns of interlaced streams, multiple water sources, and complex water supply relationship, which brings more difficulties to the optimal water resources allocation. An optimal water resources allocation model was established base on the coevolutionary genetic algorithm combined with water demand coefficients to allocate water resources in Sihong County near the Hongze Lake. The results showed that the multi-population pattern of coevolutionary genetic algorithm can handle the difficulties in the optimal water resources allocation of lakefront river network region. The results were reasonable, indicating good applicability of coevolutionary genetic algorithm and therefore realizing the highly efficient utilization of water resources.
Coevolutionary genetic algorithm is a kind of GA based on multi-population’s concurrent evolution, which is more suitable for solving the complex optimization problems because multi-population can better correspond to objects of different nature. Lakefront river network region has the patterns of interlaced streams, multiple water sources, and complex water supply relationship, which brings more difficulties to the optimal water resources allocation. An optimal water resources allocation model was established base on the coevolutionary genetic algorithm combined with water demand coefficients to allocate water resources in Sihong County near the Hongze Lake. The results showed that the multi-population pattern of coevolutionary genetic algorithm can handle the difficulties in the optimal water resources allocation of lakefront river network region. The results were reasonable, indicating good applicability of coevolutionary genetic algorithm and therefore realizing the highly efficient utilization of water resources.
2014, 12(2):20-24.
Abstract:
Sensitivity analysis was performed to analyze the inputs and outputs of the complex model and system qualitatively and quantitatively, which can benefit the inspection of model structure, identification of model parameters, and model application. In this paper, Sobol method was applied to evaluate the sensitivity of single parameter and multiple parameters of the model in the Huanren reservoir catchment. The objective functions of sensitivity analysis included the deterministic coefficients and error coefficients of total water, low flow, and high flow. The results showed that the sensitivity of parameters was different under different objective functions, and Sobol method can provide the sensitivity for all parameters and sensitivity between each parameter, which is useful for sensitivity analysis of hydrological models.
Sensitivity analysis was performed to analyze the inputs and outputs of the complex model and system qualitatively and quantitatively, which can benefit the inspection of model structure, identification of model parameters, and model application. In this paper, Sobol method was applied to evaluate the sensitivity of single parameter and multiple parameters of the model in the Huanren reservoir catchment. The objective functions of sensitivity analysis included the deterministic coefficients and error coefficients of total water, low flow, and high flow. The results showed that the sensitivity of parameters was different under different objective functions, and Sobol method can provide the sensitivity for all parameters and sensitivity between each parameter, which is useful for sensitivity analysis of hydrological models.
2014, 12(2):25-28.
Abstract:
From the perspectives of engineering conditions, water resources, level of science and technology, and ideas of water control, the feasibility of flood resources utilization in the Huaihe River Basin of Shandong Province was discussed. In consideration of the balance of supply and demand in the present and planning years, economic operation of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and improvement of water resources guarantee ability, the necessity of implementing flood resources utilization in the Huaihe River Basin of Shandong Province was demonstrated. Based on the construction planning of water network in Shandong and layout of water conservancy projects, a set of feasible ways to implement transbasin flood resources utilization measures were proposed for the Yishu River water network, Nansi Lake water network, and Yishu-Si water network. The measures included (1) strengthening the research on the flood resources utilization in the large-scale reservoir in the Yishu River water network, such as stage operation of flood control level and dynamic control; (2) implementation of stage operation of flood control level and dynamic control, optimization of plain river network in the west of Nansi Lake, and utilization of flood resources in the large-scale reservoir in the east of Nansi Lake; and (3) strengthening the utilization of flood resources in the Yishu-Si water network and transferring flood to Shandong Peninsula using the water transfer line in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
From the perspectives of engineering conditions, water resources, level of science and technology, and ideas of water control, the feasibility of flood resources utilization in the Huaihe River Basin of Shandong Province was discussed. In consideration of the balance of supply and demand in the present and planning years, economic operation of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and improvement of water resources guarantee ability, the necessity of implementing flood resources utilization in the Huaihe River Basin of Shandong Province was demonstrated. Based on the construction planning of water network in Shandong and layout of water conservancy projects, a set of feasible ways to implement transbasin flood resources utilization measures were proposed for the Yishu River water network, Nansi Lake water network, and Yishu-Si water network. The measures included (1) strengthening the research on the flood resources utilization in the large-scale reservoir in the Yishu River water network, such as stage operation of flood control level and dynamic control; (2) implementation of stage operation of flood control level and dynamic control, optimization of plain river network in the west of Nansi Lake, and utilization of flood resources in the large-scale reservoir in the east of Nansi Lake; and (3) strengthening the utilization of flood resources in the Yishu-Si water network and transferring flood to Shandong Peninsula using the water transfer line in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
2014, 12(2):29-33.
Abstract:
WROOM is a water resources model combining optimization with simulation technology and can solve water resources scheduling problems efficiently.According to the practical demand of water resources scheduling in Wei River Basin, the annual water scheduling model and monthly water scheduling model which based on WROOM is established.So water scheduling plan of Weihe River Basin can be established automatically, and the scientific level of water scheduling administrative management is improved.
WROOM is a water resources model combining optimization with simulation technology and can solve water resources scheduling problems efficiently.According to the practical demand of water resources scheduling in Wei River Basin, the annual water scheduling model and monthly water scheduling model which based on WROOM is established.So water scheduling plan of Weihe River Basin can be established automatically, and the scientific level of water scheduling administrative management is improved.
2014, 12(2):37-40.
Abstract:
Accurate analysis of the impact factors of water consumption and scientific prediction of water consumption are of important significance to achieve the optimal allocation of water resources and alleviate the contradiction between economic growth and water resources. Water consumption of Shandong Province was analyzed from 2001 to 2010. The results showed that the industrial water consumption accounts for the largest proportion in the water consumption structure, followed by domestic water consumption and ecological water consumption. The first industrial water consumption accounted for 75% of total water consumption, which was the largest proportion The total water consumption showed a slow increasing trend since 2005 while the second industrial water consumption showed a decreasing trend. The variations of third industrial water consumption and domestic water consumption were insignificant, while the ecological water consumption showed an increasing trend. The main factors affecting water consumption included the output value of three industries, irrigated area, and population. In addition, rainfall has a certain impact on the first industrial water consumption.
Accurate analysis of the impact factors of water consumption and scientific prediction of water consumption are of important significance to achieve the optimal allocation of water resources and alleviate the contradiction between economic growth and water resources. Water consumption of Shandong Province was analyzed from 2001 to 2010. The results showed that the industrial water consumption accounts for the largest proportion in the water consumption structure, followed by domestic water consumption and ecological water consumption. The first industrial water consumption accounted for 75% of total water consumption, which was the largest proportion The total water consumption showed a slow increasing trend since 2005 while the second industrial water consumption showed a decreasing trend. The variations of third industrial water consumption and domestic water consumption were insignificant, while the ecological water consumption showed an increasing trend. The main factors affecting water consumption included the output value of three industries, irrigated area, and population. In addition, rainfall has a certain impact on the first industrial water consumption.
2014, 12(2):41-45.
Abstract:
The flow-induced vibration response simulation of gate through model experiment and numerical model is an effective method to investigate the gate vibration problem. In this paper, the spillway under-port radial gate of a hydropower station was studied. A hydraulic model and a hydro-elastic model were designed according to the physical model experiment requirements. The hinge force measurement and the response of dynamic stress and displacement of flow-induced vibration of the gate were tested. The relationship between the hydraulic condition and the vibrations of pier and gate was analyzed. The test load was applied to the coupled gate-pier numerical model and the gate model in which the pier was treated as rigid constrain for dynamic analysis, respectively. The results showed that the pier vibration has insignificant impacts on dynamic stress and vertical dynamic displacement of the gate, but has significant impacts on the horizontal and lateral dynamic displacement of the gate. Finally, the dynamic safety of the gate was analyzed using the physical and numerical model.
The flow-induced vibration response simulation of gate through model experiment and numerical model is an effective method to investigate the gate vibration problem. In this paper, the spillway under-port radial gate of a hydropower station was studied. A hydraulic model and a hydro-elastic model were designed according to the physical model experiment requirements. The hinge force measurement and the response of dynamic stress and displacement of flow-induced vibration of the gate were tested. The relationship between the hydraulic condition and the vibrations of pier and gate was analyzed. The test load was applied to the coupled gate-pier numerical model and the gate model in which the pier was treated as rigid constrain for dynamic analysis, respectively. The results showed that the pier vibration has insignificant impacts on dynamic stress and vertical dynamic displacement of the gate, but has significant impacts on the horizontal and lateral dynamic displacement of the gate. Finally, the dynamic safety of the gate was analyzed using the physical and numerical model.
2014, 12(2):46-49.
Abstract:
According to the structure of large-scale multi-troughs rectangular aqueduct and its mechanical characteristics, the structural mechanics method was applied to decompose the complicated space structure into two connected plane problems. In the lateral calculation, the beam bottom was supported by the longitudinal beams. According to the displacement coordination theory, the elastic supporting force calculation formula of double and triple troughs were proposed, and the lateral force and the elastic support force of the structure can be obtained. The elastic supporting forces were regarded as loads and acted reversely on the longitudinal beams, and then the forces on the longitudinal beams were calculated. The solid 3D finite element software (MIDAS) was adopted to simulate the triple-troughs rectangular aqueduct, and the results obtained from the finite element model and the structural mechanics method were compared, which verified the reliability of the proposed method and accuracy of the formula. Consequently, the method used to calculate the aqueduct structure can meet the accuracy requirements of engineering design.
According to the structure of large-scale multi-troughs rectangular aqueduct and its mechanical characteristics, the structural mechanics method was applied to decompose the complicated space structure into two connected plane problems. In the lateral calculation, the beam bottom was supported by the longitudinal beams. According to the displacement coordination theory, the elastic supporting force calculation formula of double and triple troughs were proposed, and the lateral force and the elastic support force of the structure can be obtained. The elastic supporting forces were regarded as loads and acted reversely on the longitudinal beams, and then the forces on the longitudinal beams were calculated. The solid 3D finite element software (MIDAS) was adopted to simulate the triple-troughs rectangular aqueduct, and the results obtained from the finite element model and the structural mechanics method were compared, which verified the reliability of the proposed method and accuracy of the formula. Consequently, the method used to calculate the aqueduct structure can meet the accuracy requirements of engineering design.
2014, 12(2):50-53.
Abstract:
In recent years, the utilization rate of reclamation area has increased significantly. In order to prevent the flood disaster in this area, the planning and design of scale of drainage pump station are crucial. First, according to the information of river network in the reclamation area, a numerical simulation model was established through the generalization of drainage system in the area. Secondly, the storage capacity was used to analyze the impacts of drainage capability of the drainage system， initial water level, and location of drainage pumping station on flood drainage, and therefore the relationship between the scale of drainage pump station and drainage process was obtained. Finally, the parameters affecting the drainage capability of drainage system were non-dimensionalized to measure the drainage capacity of ring-shaped river network. The results can provide reference for the planning and design of drainage pump station in the ring-shaped river network area.
In recent years, the utilization rate of reclamation area has increased significantly. In order to prevent the flood disaster in this area, the planning and design of scale of drainage pump station are crucial. First, according to the information of river network in the reclamation area, a numerical simulation model was established through the generalization of drainage system in the area. Secondly, the storage capacity was used to analyze the impacts of drainage capability of the drainage system， initial water level, and location of drainage pumping station on flood drainage, and therefore the relationship between the scale of drainage pump station and drainage process was obtained. Finally, the parameters affecting the drainage capability of drainage system were non-dimensionalized to measure the drainage capacity of ring-shaped river network. The results can provide reference for the planning and design of drainage pump station in the ring-shaped river network area.
2014, 12(2):54-58.
Abstract:
The silt in the plain area of south-central Weifang can be used as the bearing stratum of the foundation for high-rise buildings. Laboratory experiments were conducted to obtain the grading curve of silt, physical properties of silt, and the axial deformation and deviatoric stress of silt under different moisture contents and degrees of compaction. The test results showed that the silt has a good grading to reach a relatively high degree of compaction. . According to the yield stress under different water contents which were less than the optimal water content, the critical point of strain hardening and softening was determined. Water content, degree of compaction, and confining pressure were the main influence factors of the shear strength. The fitting equation of shear limit state for the regional silt was obtained when the water content was less than the optimal water content, and M（s）(slope) and μ（s）(intercept) were all constants which were independent of water content.
The silt in the plain area of south-central Weifang can be used as the bearing stratum of the foundation for high-rise buildings. Laboratory experiments were conducted to obtain the grading curve of silt, physical properties of silt, and the axial deformation and deviatoric stress of silt under different moisture contents and degrees of compaction. The test results showed that the silt has a good grading to reach a relatively high degree of compaction. . According to the yield stress under different water contents which were less than the optimal water content, the critical point of strain hardening and softening was determined. Water content, degree of compaction, and confining pressure were the main influence factors of the shear strength. The fitting equation of shear limit state for the regional silt was obtained when the water content was less than the optimal water content, and M（s）(slope) and μ（s）(intercept) were all constants which were independent of water content.
2014, 12(2):59-62.
Abstract:
Hydraulic fracture may occur in the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel under high water pressure, especially in the fault and its influencing zones The results of high water pressure test before and after the grouting in the fault and its influencing zones of a pumped storage power station showed that the pressure of hydraulic fracture increases obviously after the grouting, but the hydraulic fracture pressure value of about 17% of test section rock mass is less than or equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the diversion penstock. However, the results of water-filling test indicated that there is no hydraulic fracture in the fault and its influencing zones, which may be due to that: (1) the absolute values of increased pressure may not be appropriate to determine the occurrence of hydraulic fracture, and the relative values of increased pressure should be used; (2) although the water pressure is high in the pipe, there is head loss when water leaks from reinforced concrete into wall rock grouting zone, resulting in lower water pressure than the hydrostatic pressure in the pipe; and (3) the secondary hydraulic fracture of rock mass.
Hydraulic fracture may occur in the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel under high water pressure, especially in the fault and its influencing zones The results of high water pressure test before and after the grouting in the fault and its influencing zones of a pumped storage power station showed that the pressure of hydraulic fracture increases obviously after the grouting, but the hydraulic fracture pressure value of about 17% of test section rock mass is less than or equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the diversion penstock. However, the results of water-filling test indicated that there is no hydraulic fracture in the fault and its influencing zones, which may be due to that: (1) the absolute values of increased pressure may not be appropriate to determine the occurrence of hydraulic fracture, and the relative values of increased pressure should be used; (2) although the water pressure is high in the pipe, there is head loss when water leaks from reinforced concrete into wall rock grouting zone, resulting in lower water pressure than the hydrostatic pressure in the pipe; and (3) the secondary hydraulic fracture of rock mass.
2014, 12(2):63-66.
Abstract:
The relationship between Chinese traditional twenty-four solar terms and hydrology is analyzed and the scientific basis of using solar terms in the hydrological prediction is developed. The Beginning of Winter is selected as the datum point of the statistic date in the prediction. The BP-ANNs model improved by Levenberg-Marquartalgorithm is introduced to predict the dates when temperature becomes negative in the cities of the north of Yellow River. The correlation coefficients of the date when temperature becomes negative in Xinxiang, Anyang, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang city, Baoding, and Beijing from 1957 to 2005 were compared. All of the correlation coefficients in the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar are greater than those in the coordinate system of solar calendar, which suggests that the correlation of the date when temperature becomes negative is stronger in the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar. In addition, the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar and solar calendar were used to predict 16 sets of dates when temperature becomes negative. The results showed that the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar predicts 13 sets of acceptable data while the coordinate system of solar calendar predicts 11 sets of acceptable data. Therefore, the application of the traditional twenty-four solar terms in the prediction of date when temperature becomes negative is feasible.
The relationship between Chinese traditional twenty-four solar terms and hydrology is analyzed and the scientific basis of using solar terms in the hydrological prediction is developed. The Beginning of Winter is selected as the datum point of the statistic date in the prediction. The BP-ANNs model improved by Levenberg-Marquartalgorithm is introduced to predict the dates when temperature becomes negative in the cities of the north of Yellow River. The correlation coefficients of the date when temperature becomes negative in Xinxiang, Anyang, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang city, Baoding, and Beijing from 1957 to 2005 were compared. All of the correlation coefficients in the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar are greater than those in the coordinate system of solar calendar, which suggests that the correlation of the date when temperature becomes negative is stronger in the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar. In addition, the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar and solar calendar were used to predict 16 sets of dates when temperature becomes negative. The results showed that the coordinate system of Chinese lunar calendar predicts 13 sets of acceptable data while the coordinate system of solar calendar predicts 11 sets of acceptable data. Therefore, the application of the traditional twenty-four solar terms in the prediction of date when temperature becomes negative is feasible.
2014, 12(2):67-70.
Abstract:
In order to characterize the relationship of stress-strain of plastic concrete, the single-axle compressive tests were conducted with eight mix proportions and 48 specimens. Through the analysis of the test results, the typical stress-strain curves were obtained which showed obvious subsection characteristics. The curves were analyzed from the perspectives of strain, stress, tangent slope, and crack, and were compared with the stress-strain curves of traditional concrete, thus the stress-strain characteristics of the whole process of plastic concrete were obtained. Moreover, the regularity of stress-strain curves was investigated, which indicated that the ε-lnσ relationship of the rising section is in line with the polynomial of degree six and the ε-σ relationship of the declining section is better represented with the logistic model. The function expression for each subsection was proposed. The results are of important significance to the test of elastic modulus, design, and construction of plastic concrete.
In order to characterize the relationship of stress-strain of plastic concrete, the single-axle compressive tests were conducted with eight mix proportions and 48 specimens. Through the analysis of the test results, the typical stress-strain curves were obtained which showed obvious subsection characteristics. The curves were analyzed from the perspectives of strain, stress, tangent slope, and crack, and were compared with the stress-strain curves of traditional concrete, thus the stress-strain characteristics of the whole process of plastic concrete were obtained. Moreover, the regularity of stress-strain curves was investigated, which indicated that the ε-lnσ relationship of the rising section is in line with the polynomial of degree six and the ε-σ relationship of the declining section is better represented with the logistic model. The function expression for each subsection was proposed. The results are of important significance to the test of elastic modulus, design, and construction of plastic concrete.
2014, 12(2):71-74.
Abstract:
Knowledge of the correlation between soil property indexes for the same geological unit soil can solve the small sample problems in practical projects. Based on the collected data of physical and mechanical property indexes of marine silt in the reclamation land projects in Shenzhen, correlation of physical properties indexes, mechanical properties indexes of dredged fill linear regression method was used to analyze the correlation between each physical and mechanical property index of dredged silt and undisturbed silt, and to establish the corresponding regression equations. The results showed that other soil property indexes of dredged silt can be estimated accurately using the empirical regression equation based on two known parameter indexes, including one of liquid limit or plastic limit and one of other soil property index. Mechanical property indexes of dredged silt can be estimated accurately using the empirical regression equations between physical property and mechanical property indexes of undisturbed silt. The results have important application values for the reasonable selection of soil property indexes in the treatment engineering of marine silt foundation.
Knowledge of the correlation between soil property indexes for the same geological unit soil can solve the small sample problems in practical projects. Based on the collected data of physical and mechanical property indexes of marine silt in the reclamation land projects in Shenzhen, correlation of physical properties indexes, mechanical properties indexes of dredged fill linear regression method was used to analyze the correlation between each physical and mechanical property index of dredged silt and undisturbed silt, and to establish the corresponding regression equations. The results showed that other soil property indexes of dredged silt can be estimated accurately using the empirical regression equation based on two known parameter indexes, including one of liquid limit or plastic limit and one of other soil property index. Mechanical property indexes of dredged silt can be estimated accurately using the empirical regression equations between physical property and mechanical property indexes of undisturbed silt. The results have important application values for the reasonable selection of soil property indexes in the treatment engineering of marine silt foundation.
2014, 12(2):75-78.
Abstract:
In this paper, the 3-hour and 0.71o grid temperature forecast data of 2 m above ground surface during the period of 1989 to 2009 derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset were applied for the analysis of extremely low and high temperatures in China. Based on the cumulative distribution function and quantile function, the results indicated that the Northeast China, Tibetan Plateau, and Northwest China are the main extremely low-temperature areas, and the extremely low temperature rises along the northwest-southeast direction. Tibetan Plateau is the sole cold area with the extremely high temperatures, while the basins located in Northwest China are the warmest areas. ERA-Interim reanalysis data can represent the spatial distribution of extremely low/high-temperature areas in China. The duration of extreme temperatures can be quantitatively analyzed using the quantile function, which provides reference for the quantitative analysis of extreme climate events.
In this paper, the 3-hour and 0.71o grid temperature forecast data of 2 m above ground surface during the period of 1989 to 2009 derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset were applied for the analysis of extremely low and high temperatures in China. Based on the cumulative distribution function and quantile function, the results indicated that the Northeast China, Tibetan Plateau, and Northwest China are the main extremely low-temperature areas, and the extremely low temperature rises along the northwest-southeast direction. Tibetan Plateau is the sole cold area with the extremely high temperatures, while the basins located in Northwest China are the warmest areas. ERA-Interim reanalysis data can represent the spatial distribution of extremely low/high-temperature areas in China. The duration of extreme temperatures can be quantitatively analyzed using the quantile function, which provides reference for the quantitative analysis of extreme climate events.
2014, 12(2):79-83.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the impact of reclaimed water irrigation on the content of soil heavy metals and to provide reference for the environmental impact evaluation of reclaimed water, soil samples were collected at a total of 30 sampling points in the Xinhe Irrigation District of Tongzhou County in Beijing and the contents of Cu, As, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cd were determined. The local soil characteristics in 2006 were regarded as the background values. Geostatistical analysis method was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of heave metals in soil profile, especially the spatial variation and correlation among samples of Ni element were investigated in detail. The results showed that the spatial variations of Cd, Zn, and Cu were obvious in the Xinhe Irrigation District of Tongzhou with the spatial variation coefficient between 0.20 and 0.51. The order of variation degree was Cd> Zn> Cu. Ni element showed the spatial correlation to some extent and the spatial correlation distance was 24 km. The variations of Ni in four soil sampling layers were apparent, indicating the consistency of spatial distribution of Ni in a large scale.
In order to investigate the impact of reclaimed water irrigation on the content of soil heavy metals and to provide reference for the environmental impact evaluation of reclaimed water, soil samples were collected at a total of 30 sampling points in the Xinhe Irrigation District of Tongzhou County in Beijing and the contents of Cu, As, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cd were determined. The local soil characteristics in 2006 were regarded as the background values. Geostatistical analysis method was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of heave metals in soil profile, especially the spatial variation and correlation among samples of Ni element were investigated in detail. The results showed that the spatial variations of Cd, Zn, and Cu were obvious in the Xinhe Irrigation District of Tongzhou with the spatial variation coefficient between 0.20 and 0.51. The order of variation degree was Cd> Zn> Cu. Ni element showed the spatial correlation to some extent and the spatial correlation distance was 24 km. The variations of Ni in four soil sampling layers were apparent, indicating the consistency of spatial distribution of Ni in a large scale.
2014, 12(2):84-86.
Abstract:
The variable fuzzy model was used to evaluate the water quality of the Chi’ao Reservoir. According to the characteristics of the reservoir, eight water quality evaluation indexes were selected to construct an index system. The two element theory was applied to determine the index weight and calculate the relative membership degree of the model, thereby providing the water quality evaluation results. The results showed that the water quality in the Chi’ao Reservoir is between classⅠand classⅡ, water utilization is at its good level, and water supply can meet the requirements of users. The variable fuzzy model is feasible and practical in evaluation of reservoir water quality.
The variable fuzzy model was used to evaluate the water quality of the Chi’ao Reservoir. According to the characteristics of the reservoir, eight water quality evaluation indexes were selected to construct an index system. The two element theory was applied to determine the index weight and calculate the relative membership degree of the model, thereby providing the water quality evaluation results. The results showed that the water quality in the Chi’ao Reservoir is between classⅠand classⅡ, water utilization is at its good level, and water supply can meet the requirements of users. The variable fuzzy model is feasible and practical in evaluation of reservoir water quality.
2014, 12(2):87-91.
Abstract:
Efficient and accurate solutions for determination of aquifer parameters have been one of the most important research topics in hydrogeological research field. The fitting curve method is usually used to determine the aquifer parameters from unsteady pumping test. With the wide computer application, several rapid and accurate computer intelligence optimization algorithms were developed to determine the aquifer parameters under the conditions of unsteady flow. On this basis, the Cloud Neural Net (CNN) model was applied in this paper to calculate the hydraulic parameters of a confined aquifer in Yuanshi County of Shijiazhuang City based on 3 single-hole unsteady flow pumping tests. The model results were in accordance with the actual hydrogeological conditions, and more accurate compared with the results derived from the traditional method and simplified artificial neural net model. Thus CNN model establishes a good foundation for groundwater resources assessment, groundwater numerical simulation, as well as solute transportation simulation.
Efficient and accurate solutions for determination of aquifer parameters have been one of the most important research topics in hydrogeological research field. The fitting curve method is usually used to determine the aquifer parameters from unsteady pumping test. With the wide computer application, several rapid and accurate computer intelligence optimization algorithms were developed to determine the aquifer parameters under the conditions of unsteady flow. On this basis, the Cloud Neural Net (CNN) model was applied in this paper to calculate the hydraulic parameters of a confined aquifer in Yuanshi County of Shijiazhuang City based on 3 single-hole unsteady flow pumping tests. The model results were in accordance with the actual hydrogeological conditions, and more accurate compared with the results derived from the traditional method and simplified artificial neural net model. Thus CNN model establishes a good foundation for groundwater resources assessment, groundwater numerical simulation, as well as solute transportation simulation.
2014, 12(2):92-96.
Abstract:
In the arid inland river basin of western China, groundwater and surface water exchange frequently, and the interaction between the river and aquifer in the river basin is an important research aspect of water cycle. Environmental isotopes can effectively reveal the relationship between the river and aquifer as tracers in the water cycle. Based on the environmental isotope features of hydrogen, oxygen, and deuterium excess (d) in groundwater and Heihe River of the Zhangye Basin, the spatial characteristics of δD, δ18O, and d in different water bodies were analyzed, which may indicate the main sources of groundwater and the interaction between groundwater and Heihe River. The results indicated that the groundwater and river water are mainly derived from the snow milting water and rainfall and the hydraulic connection of groundwater in different depths is very high. In the irrigation area of the Zhangye Basin, flood irrigation on vast farmlands has caused significant impacts on the interaction between groundwater and river water, resulting in the increasing of groundwater recharging river water. The exchange between groundwater and river water was analyzed quantitatively using the mass conservation principle, which can provide scientific basis for accurate assessment and reasonable utilization of water resources.
In the arid inland river basin of western China, groundwater and surface water exchange frequently, and the interaction between the river and aquifer in the river basin is an important research aspect of water cycle. Environmental isotopes can effectively reveal the relationship between the river and aquifer as tracers in the water cycle. Based on the environmental isotope features of hydrogen, oxygen, and deuterium excess (d) in groundwater and Heihe River of the Zhangye Basin, the spatial characteristics of δD, δ18O, and d in different water bodies were analyzed, which may indicate the main sources of groundwater and the interaction between groundwater and Heihe River. The results indicated that the groundwater and river water are mainly derived from the snow milting water and rainfall and the hydraulic connection of groundwater in different depths is very high. In the irrigation area of the Zhangye Basin, flood irrigation on vast farmlands has caused significant impacts on the interaction between groundwater and river water, resulting in the increasing of groundwater recharging river water. The exchange between groundwater and river water was analyzed quantitatively using the mass conservation principle, which can provide scientific basis for accurate assessment and reasonable utilization of water resources.
2014, 12(2):97-101.
Abstract:
Xunsichang is located in Yibin City of south Sichuan, where belongs to the transition zone between the southern margin of Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau with strongly developed karst and densely distributed groundwater outcrop. In this paper, the hydrogeological conditions, chemical composition of groundwater, and oxygen and hydrogen isotope data were analyzed to identify the groundwater flow path model in this area, and then the hydrogeochemical modeling method (Phreeqc reverse modeling technique) was used to verify the results. The runoff flow paths of Xiaoyudong ground river, Liangfengdong ground river, and hot spring were determined, which suggested there are no hydraulic connection between them. The simulation results were similar to those obtained from the hydrochemical and isotopic analysis. The results are of important significance for the groundwater exploitation and engineering construction in Xunsichang area.
Xunsichang is located in Yibin City of south Sichuan, where belongs to the transition zone between the southern margin of Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau with strongly developed karst and densely distributed groundwater outcrop. In this paper, the hydrogeological conditions, chemical composition of groundwater, and oxygen and hydrogen isotope data were analyzed to identify the groundwater flow path model in this area, and then the hydrogeochemical modeling method (Phreeqc reverse modeling technique) was used to verify the results. The runoff flow paths of Xiaoyudong ground river, Liangfengdong ground river, and hot spring were determined, which suggested there are no hydraulic connection between them. The simulation results were similar to those obtained from the hydrochemical and isotopic analysis. The results are of important significance for the groundwater exploitation and engineering construction in Xunsichang area.
2014, 12(2):102-106.
Abstract:
After the May 12th Wenchuan Earthquake, the rainstorm caused the group debris flow hazards in Longchi Town of Dujiangyan County，Sichuan Province，which brought a lot of difficulty to the post-disaster reconstruction work. The Liquantai gully debris flow located in Longchi town was selected in the study, and its characteristics were determined through the field investigation, laboratory analysis, and calculation of static and dynamic parameters of debris flow such as the stress yield, flow rate, bulk density, and total outflow. The results showed that (1) the Wenchuan Earthquake generated lots of landslides, which were the supply for debris flow, especially under rainstorm conditions; (2) the Liquantai gully debris flow had the features such as steep channel, large flow, and concealed occurrence; and (3) the bulk density and stress yield of the Liquantai gully debris flow were large, which can not only cause damages to the infrastructure but also generate secondary disaster such as blocking river. The results indicated that the engineering measures need to be performed at the elevation range of 1400 to 1600 m, and the threshold value of precipitation was used for the monitoring and early-warning of the Liquantai gully debris flow.
After the May 12th Wenchuan Earthquake, the rainstorm caused the group debris flow hazards in Longchi Town of Dujiangyan County，Sichuan Province，which brought a lot of difficulty to the post-disaster reconstruction work. The Liquantai gully debris flow located in Longchi town was selected in the study, and its characteristics were determined through the field investigation, laboratory analysis, and calculation of static and dynamic parameters of debris flow such as the stress yield, flow rate, bulk density, and total outflow. The results showed that (1) the Wenchuan Earthquake generated lots of landslides, which were the supply for debris flow, especially under rainstorm conditions; (2) the Liquantai gully debris flow had the features such as steep channel, large flow, and concealed occurrence; and (3) the bulk density and stress yield of the Liquantai gully debris flow were large, which can not only cause damages to the infrastructure but also generate secondary disaster such as blocking river. The results indicated that the engineering measures need to be performed at the elevation range of 1400 to 1600 m, and the threshold value of precipitation was used for the monitoring and early-warning of the Liquantai gully debris flow.
2014, 12(2):107-110.
Abstract:
Accurate and rapid determination of the distribution of contaminants is the main task for the investigation work of a contaminated site. As a new surveying tool for contaminated sites, direct push technology can be used for soil sample collection in the vadoze zone and aquifer, detection of aquifer parameters, and determination of pollutants. It has the advantages of fast, accurate, and free of cross-contamination. In this paper, the development and research progress of direct push technology was introduced, and the technology innovation was discussed.
Accurate and rapid determination of the distribution of contaminants is the main task for the investigation work of a contaminated site. As a new surveying tool for contaminated sites, direct push technology can be used for soil sample collection in the vadoze zone and aquifer, detection of aquifer parameters, and determination of pollutants. It has the advantages of fast, accurate, and free of cross-contamination. In this paper, the development and research progress of direct push technology was introduced, and the technology innovation was discussed.
2014, 12(2):111-115.
Abstract:
Based on the current research situation of soil water infiltration characteristics, the research progress of impacts of soil moisture variation on rainfall runoff was discussed from three aspects, including the initial moisture content, spatial variation of soil moisture, and application of soil moisture data in hydrological model. The existing problems and research direction of soil moisture variation and rainfall runoff were discussed. The spatial and -temporal variations of soil moisture were the hot and important research topics in the study of rainfall-runoff and its model simulation. The real-time variation of soil moisture obtained from different experimental measurements and model simulations and its response to subsurface flow and preferential flow are the important research aspects in future hydrology study.
Based on the current research situation of soil water infiltration characteristics, the research progress of impacts of soil moisture variation on rainfall runoff was discussed from three aspects, including the initial moisture content, spatial variation of soil moisture, and application of soil moisture data in hydrological model. The existing problems and research direction of soil moisture variation and rainfall runoff were discussed. The spatial and -temporal variations of soil moisture were the hot and important research topics in the study of rainfall-runoff and its model simulation. The real-time variation of soil moisture obtained from different experimental measurements and model simulations and its response to subsurface flow and preferential flow are the important research aspects in future hydrology study.
2014, 12(2):116-119.
Abstract:
Ensemble forecast is a probabilistic forecast technique developed from the uncertainty of numerical prediction. Using ensemble forecast can improve the forecast time and accuracy of hydrological forecast in reservoir operation. It has been widely used in developed countries. In this paper, the development progress of ensemble forecast was introduced, and the research progress on ensemble forecast in hydrological application was analyzed from three aspects, including the flood warning, runoff prediction, and reservoir regulation. In addition, the verification of ensemble forecast and key issues in the hydrological application were discussed.
Ensemble forecast is a probabilistic forecast technique developed from the uncertainty of numerical prediction. Using ensemble forecast can improve the forecast time and accuracy of hydrological forecast in reservoir operation. It has been widely used in developed countries. In this paper, the development progress of ensemble forecast was introduced, and the research progress on ensemble forecast in hydrological application was analyzed from three aspects, including the flood warning, runoff prediction, and reservoir regulation. In addition, the verification of ensemble forecast and key issues in the hydrological application were discussed.
2014, 12(2):120-124.
Abstract:
Yellow River is one the most difficult rivers to manage in the world. With the economic and social development in the Yellow River Basin, the inherent contradictions in the basin and defects in management aggravate the difficulty in management. Therefore, it is necessary for legislation to regulate the complex relationships between different industries, river basin and regional area, as well as different regions and departments. However, the pursuit of rapid economic growth makes it difficult to widely publicize the river basin management concept of adaptive human activities to river basin characteristics. The status and responsibilities of river basin management agency are difficult to reach a consensus, allocation of legislative power is not reasonable, and the impacts of constraints of social and legal level and lack of theoretical studies, all of above results in that the Yellow River Law which has been called for many years was delayed in the process of national legislation. The recognition of the importance of the Yellow River Law, reformation of the legislation system, improvement of the prophase research on legislation, summary of the successful practice, and clear guiding ideology and principles of legislation are important for the achievement of a breakthrough in the legislation of Yellow River Law.
Yellow River is one the most difficult rivers to manage in the world. With the economic and social development in the Yellow River Basin, the inherent contradictions in the basin and defects in management aggravate the difficulty in management. Therefore, it is necessary for legislation to regulate the complex relationships between different industries, river basin and regional area, as well as different regions and departments. However, the pursuit of rapid economic growth makes it difficult to widely publicize the river basin management concept of adaptive human activities to river basin characteristics. The status and responsibilities of river basin management agency are difficult to reach a consensus, allocation of legislative power is not reasonable, and the impacts of constraints of social and legal level and lack of theoretical studies, all of above results in that the Yellow River Law which has been called for many years was delayed in the process of national legislation. The recognition of the importance of the Yellow River Law, reformation of the legislation system, improvement of the prophase research on legislation, summary of the successful practice, and clear guiding ideology and principles of legislation are important for the achievement of a breakthrough in the legislation of Yellow River Law.
2014, 12(2):125-128.
Abstract:
Regulation for Water Conservancy Computation of Water Projects SL 104-95 lacks the specific methods on runoff regulation of irrigation reservoir, and the calculation method commonly used in reservoir engineering design is not reasonable to some extent. In this paper, an improved calculation method was proposed. The improved method modified the calculation method of long time series in the conventional method and applied the long series continuous calculation. It can correct the unreasonable calculation conditions in the conventional method and simplify the calculation process, and it can be applied for the irrigation reservoir with a variety of regulation performances. The improved method was verified by multiple engineering projects, and the results indicated the calculation process is reasonable and regulation results are accurate. Moreover, irrigation water and irrigation assurance increased using the improved method compare with those obtained from the conventional method,.
Regulation for Water Conservancy Computation of Water Projects SL 104-95 lacks the specific methods on runoff regulation of irrigation reservoir, and the calculation method commonly used in reservoir engineering design is not reasonable to some extent. In this paper, an improved calculation method was proposed. The improved method modified the calculation method of long time series in the conventional method and applied the long series continuous calculation. It can correct the unreasonable calculation conditions in the conventional method and simplify the calculation process, and it can be applied for the irrigation reservoir with a variety of regulation performances. The improved method was verified by multiple engineering projects, and the results indicated the calculation process is reasonable and regulation results are accurate. Moreover, irrigation water and irrigation assurance increased using the improved method compare with those obtained from the conventional method,.
2014, 12(2):129-132.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the characteristics of loess on south bank of crossing the Yellow River Project in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the slope stability of loess under different working conditions to provide design support for the subsequent channel excavation scheme, the strength tests of unsaturated loess were conducted in the study area. The experimental tests included the tests of physical properties of loess, the CU triaxial tests of saturated loess, the tests of soil-water characteristic curve, and the shear tests of unsaturated loess. The results showed that the loess in the study area is clay with low liquid limit, large quantity of silt, low water-holding capacity, and a suction internal friction angle of =7.58°.
In order to investigate the characteristics of loess on south bank of crossing the Yellow River Project in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the slope stability of loess under different working conditions to provide design support for the subsequent channel excavation scheme, the strength tests of unsaturated loess were conducted in the study area. The experimental tests included the tests of physical properties of loess, the CU triaxial tests of saturated loess, the tests of soil-water characteristic curve, and the shear tests of unsaturated loess. The results showed that the loess in the study area is clay with low liquid limit, large quantity of silt, low water-holding capacity, and a suction internal friction angle of =7.58°.
2014, 12(2):133-136.
Abstract:
A one-dimensional hydraulic and water quality model was developed to simulate the sudden water pollution accident in the main channel of Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. In consideration of the migration velocity of pollutants and water level variations in the channel, the emergency control strategy of each gate was proposed under the conditions of sudden water pollution accident, the gate closing rules were established, the variations of channel depletion rate, stabilization time, water level fluctuation, and water quality were simulated, and then the control scheme of emergency gate was determined to ensure safe operation of channel under sudden water pollution accident. The results can provide reference for the development of emergency strategy in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
A one-dimensional hydraulic and water quality model was developed to simulate the sudden water pollution accident in the main channel of Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. In consideration of the migration velocity of pollutants and water level variations in the channel, the emergency control strategy of each gate was proposed under the conditions of sudden water pollution accident, the gate closing rules were established, the variations of channel depletion rate, stabilization time, water level fluctuation, and water quality were simulated, and then the control scheme of emergency gate was determined to ensure safe operation of channel under sudden water pollution accident. The results can provide reference for the development of emergency strategy in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
2014, 12(2):137-141.
Abstract:
Previous results showed that the temperature of the intake area in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project increases by about 1℃ in recent 50 years. In order to analyze the impact of climate change on the future water regulation quantity in the water source area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the paper investigated the impact of climate change on the intake area runoff in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project using the WEP-L distributed hydrological model based on the CMIP3 data of WCRP. The results are of an important significance for the study of water regulation quantity in the water source area during the operation of Middle-Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, provide a reliable method for the study of the impact of climate change on runoff, and lay an important foundation for the analysis of the impact of climate change on hydrologic cycle.
Previous results showed that the temperature of the intake area in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project increases by about 1℃ in recent 50 years. In order to analyze the impact of climate change on the future water regulation quantity in the water source area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the paper investigated the impact of climate change on the intake area runoff in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project using the WEP-L distributed hydrological model based on the CMIP3 data of WCRP. The results are of an important significance for the study of water regulation quantity in the water source area during the operation of Middle-Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, provide a reliable method for the study of the impact of climate change on runoff, and lay an important foundation for the analysis of the impact of climate change on hydrologic cycle.
2014, 12(2):142-145.
Abstract:
Foundation soil of Ci-Xian section of the main canal in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project has medium liquefaction phenomenon. Canal subsidence and landslide can happen if the foundation soil is not treated properly, which can affect canal safety. The ram-compaction gravel piles can decrease sand ground liquefaction. In-situ pile test needs to be conducted. The effects of different pile spacing on treatment of sand liquefaction were tested to determine the appropriate pile spacing, which can support the design parameters and principle for pile construction in a large area. The ram-compaction gravel piles used heavy hammer impact to form the hole, and then filled in gravel or other replacement materials in each layer to reach the design height. The results showed that ground liquefaction is not shown when the pile spacing is 1.8 m but occurs when the pile spacing is 1.9 m. In addition, the shear wave test of original crosshole showed thatthe shear wave velocity of soil among piles increases after the treatment, which indicated the compaction effect is significant.
Foundation soil of Ci-Xian section of the main canal in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project has medium liquefaction phenomenon. Canal subsidence and landslide can happen if the foundation soil is not treated properly, which can affect canal safety. The ram-compaction gravel piles can decrease sand ground liquefaction. In-situ pile test needs to be conducted. The effects of different pile spacing on treatment of sand liquefaction were tested to determine the appropriate pile spacing, which can support the design parameters and principle for pile construction in a large area. The ram-compaction gravel piles used heavy hammer impact to form the hole, and then filled in gravel or other replacement materials in each layer to reach the design height. The results showed that ground liquefaction is not shown when the pile spacing is 1.8 m but occurs when the pile spacing is 1.9 m. In addition, the shear wave test of original crosshole showed thatthe shear wave velocity of soil among piles increases after the treatment, which indicated the compaction effect is significant.
2014, 12(2):146-149.
Abstract:
In consideration of the transformation of Tianshan pump station in Yellow River pump station project, a three-dimensional turbulent flow simulation technique was applied to simulate the flow patterns in the No.4 forebay and intake pool of Tianshan pump station based on the large-scale computational fluid dynamics software, Fluent. The results revealed the flow pattern in the forebay and predicted the flow distribution in the intake pool. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the transformation of pumping stations, and thus ensure the safe operation and optimal design of pump stations.
In consideration of the transformation of Tianshan pump station in Yellow River pump station project, a three-dimensional turbulent flow simulation technique was applied to simulate the flow patterns in the No.4 forebay and intake pool of Tianshan pump station based on the large-scale computational fluid dynamics software, Fluent. The results revealed the flow pattern in the forebay and predicted the flow distribution in the intake pool. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the transformation of pumping stations, and thus ensure the safe operation and optimal design of pump stations.
2014, 12(2):150-153.
Abstract:
The production process of cement-modified soil includes as sun baking, breaking, mixing, transporting, crushing, and cutting slopes, and soil breaking is a special process added into the construction of expansive soil, which is not included in the national irrigation quota. Based on the research of the consumption of labor, materials, and machines in the breaking process, the budget quota of breaking process was determined. The budget quota showed that the price of the broken soil is about 4~5 yuan/m3. This budget quota was enacted by the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project Construction Authority.
The production process of cement-modified soil includes as sun baking, breaking, mixing, transporting, crushing, and cutting slopes, and soil breaking is a special process added into the construction of expansive soil, which is not included in the national irrigation quota. Based on the research of the consumption of labor, materials, and machines in the breaking process, the budget quota of breaking process was determined. The budget quota showed that the price of the broken soil is about 4~5 yuan/m3. This budget quota was enacted by the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project Construction Authority.
2014, 12(2):154-156.
Abstract:
Tianjin section of the first phase of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has a long water transfer route, large water diversion flow quantity, huge variation of flow quantity, along with a certain natural head. In this paper, based on the characteristics of Tianjin section, and according to following rules, including technically feasible, safe and reliable, economically reasonable, simple operation, aimed to guarantee the water quality, reduction of water loss, minimizing the permanent land occupation, as well as decreasing the impacts on the local social environment, the process and thoughts of water delivery scheme in Tianjin section were demonstrated.
Tianjin section of the first phase of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has a long water transfer route, large water diversion flow quantity, huge variation of flow quantity, along with a certain natural head. In this paper, based on the characteristics of Tianjin section, and according to following rules, including technically feasible, safe and reliable, economically reasonable, simple operation, aimed to guarantee the water quality, reduction of water loss, minimizing the permanent land occupation, as well as decreasing the impacts on the local social environment, the process and thoughts of water delivery scheme in Tianjin section were demonstrated.
2014, 12(2):157-159.
Abstract:
1．Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003，China；2．Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission of the State Council,Beijing 100038，China；3．China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Bureau Fifth Company Limited Chengdu 610225，China
1．Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003，China；2．Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission of the State Council,Beijing 100038，China；3．China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Bureau Fifth Company Limited Chengdu 610225，China
2014, 12(2):160-163.
Abstract:
The deformation of dams and reservoir basin of upper reservoir at the pumped storage power station can affect the anti-seepage structure and effects. The dam of upper reservoir at a pumped storage power station is a concrete faced rockfill dam and the impermeable material of reservoir bottom is composite geo-membrane. Aiming at the dam and the reservoir basin, the 3-D non-linear finite element model was developed to simulate the filling process of the dam and backfill and the storage process of the reservoir. The deformation and stress of the dam, backfill, and composite geo-membrane were analyzed, and the rationality of the structural design was demonstrated. The results showed that the displacement distribution and stress distribution of the dam were reasonable. The option on composite geo-membrane was reasonable as the safety factors met standard requirements. The composite geo-membrane can adapt to the deformation of the backfill very well without the occurrence of disengaging phenomenon. Emphasis should be put in the dividing area of backfill and bedrock as the gradient of the normal displacement equipotential line of composite geo-membrane was large and tensile stress was high.
The deformation of dams and reservoir basin of upper reservoir at the pumped storage power station can affect the anti-seepage structure and effects. The dam of upper reservoir at a pumped storage power station is a concrete faced rockfill dam and the impermeable material of reservoir bottom is composite geo-membrane. Aiming at the dam and the reservoir basin, the 3-D non-linear finite element model was developed to simulate the filling process of the dam and backfill and the storage process of the reservoir. The deformation and stress of the dam, backfill, and composite geo-membrane were analyzed, and the rationality of the structural design was demonstrated. The results showed that the displacement distribution and stress distribution of the dam were reasonable. The option on composite geo-membrane was reasonable as the safety factors met standard requirements. The composite geo-membrane can adapt to the deformation of the backfill very well without the occurrence of disengaging phenomenon. Emphasis should be put in the dividing area of backfill and bedrock as the gradient of the normal displacement equipotential line of composite geo-membrane was large and tensile stress was high.
2014, 12(2):164-166.
Abstract:
In order to meet the double functions of irrigation and drainage and to save civil construction investment, dual-directional pumping system was adopted in the newly-built Zaogang pumping station, considering the large difference between the design and check head under the irrigation and drainage conditions. Under most of the irrigation conditions, the crest slab will not be submerged with free water surface. Based on the analysis on the design features of dual-directional inlet and outlet passages of Zaogang pumping station, the method of computational fluid dynamics was applied to perform numerical simulations on the internal flow of full passages including inlet and outlet passages，impeller, guide vanes, and gate slots, and the optimal hydraulic design of outlet conical pipe and the prediction of pumping system performance were conducted. The hydraulic losses of outlet passage and system efficiency were compared for different schemes and the design parameters of outlet conical pipe were optimized. Under the design conditions, the pumping system efficiency of the optimal scheme has reached 66.05%, which can improve the engineering benefits of Zaogang pumping station.
In order to meet the double functions of irrigation and drainage and to save civil construction investment, dual-directional pumping system was adopted in the newly-built Zaogang pumping station, considering the large difference between the design and check head under the irrigation and drainage conditions. Under most of the irrigation conditions, the crest slab will not be submerged with free water surface. Based on the analysis on the design features of dual-directional inlet and outlet passages of Zaogang pumping station, the method of computational fluid dynamics was applied to perform numerical simulations on the internal flow of full passages including inlet and outlet passages，impeller, guide vanes, and gate slots, and the optimal hydraulic design of outlet conical pipe and the prediction of pumping system performance were conducted. The hydraulic losses of outlet passage and system efficiency were compared for different schemes and the design parameters of outlet conical pipe were optimized. Under the design conditions, the pumping system efficiency of the optimal scheme has reached 66.05%, which can improve the engineering benefits of Zaogang pumping station.
2014, 12(2):167-170.
Abstract:
Concrete slope protection and concrete anti-seepage wall are technically mature when used in the seepage reinforcement of earth dam. However, the comprehensive evaluation of its actual anti-seepage effect lacks the computational basis. In this paper, finite element method has been used to compute the characteristics of the dam structure in the Changli Reservoir before and after the reinforcement. The results showed that the effect of the anti-seepage system with the concrete slope protection and concrete anti-seepage wall has good effect and the seepage condition of the dam body and foundation is improved. After the reinforcement, the seepage slope and seepage discharge of each area decreased significantly and met the standard requirements.
Concrete slope protection and concrete anti-seepage wall are technically mature when used in the seepage reinforcement of earth dam. However, the comprehensive evaluation of its actual anti-seepage effect lacks the computational basis. In this paper, finite element method has been used to compute the characteristics of the dam structure in the Changli Reservoir before and after the reinforcement. The results showed that the effect of the anti-seepage system with the concrete slope protection and concrete anti-seepage wall has good effect and the seepage condition of the dam body and foundation is improved. After the reinforcement, the seepage slope and seepage discharge of each area decreased significantly and met the standard requirements.
2014, 12(2):171-174.
Abstract:
The accidental wastewater collection and disposal scheme of a natural gas purification plant in Chongqing was introduced, according to the severe pollution of water environment caused by the petrochemical industry accidents which happen frequently in recent years and the documentation requirements of an emergency notice about urging the petrochemical enterprise to carry out several security and environmental protection key works which was issued by the State Production Safety Supervision Administration and the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006. First, the type and quantity of accidental wastewater were determined, and the accidental wastewater of 1114 m3 was collected using the big cofferdam based on the conditions of existing drainage system, manufacturing technique, and layout of the factory. Secondly, the accidental wastewater was sent to the accidental pool for storage through the existing and proposed drainage systems. Finally, the accidental wastewater was treated by the wastewater treatment unit in the factory through lifting of submersible sewage pump, which can reduce the impacts of accidental wastewater on water environment.
The accidental wastewater collection and disposal scheme of a natural gas purification plant in Chongqing was introduced, according to the severe pollution of water environment caused by the petrochemical industry accidents which happen frequently in recent years and the documentation requirements of an emergency notice about urging the petrochemical enterprise to carry out several security and environmental protection key works which was issued by the State Production Safety Supervision Administration and the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006. First, the type and quantity of accidental wastewater were determined, and the accidental wastewater of 1114 m3 was collected using the big cofferdam based on the conditions of existing drainage system, manufacturing technique, and layout of the factory. Secondly, the accidental wastewater was sent to the accidental pool for storage through the existing and proposed drainage systems. Finally, the accidental wastewater was treated by the wastewater treatment unit in the factory through lifting of submersible sewage pump, which can reduce the impacts of accidental wastewater on water environment.
2014, 12(2):175-177.
Abstract:
Sea gravity measurement is conducted under dynamic conditions. In order to increase the measurement precision, eight hydraulic bumpers were used in the sea gravimeter sensor bucket of AIRSEA system II to decrease the perturbation of the survey boat; however, such problems as easy to aging and poor buffer still exist. Therefore, four new hydraulic bumpers were placed on the bottom of the sensor bucket to improve the stability of the sensor under severe weather conditions. . Numerical simulation and experimental data confirmed that the new hydraulic bumper can effectively extend the measurement range and acquire data with high accuracy.
Sea gravity measurement is conducted under dynamic conditions. In order to increase the measurement precision, eight hydraulic bumpers were used in the sea gravimeter sensor bucket of AIRSEA system II to decrease the perturbation of the survey boat; however, such problems as easy to aging and poor buffer still exist. Therefore, four new hydraulic bumpers were placed on the bottom of the sensor bucket to improve the stability of the sensor under severe weather conditions. . Numerical simulation and experimental data confirmed that the new hydraulic bumper can effectively extend the measurement range and acquire data with high accuracy.
2014, 12(2):178-180.
Abstract:
The Dawushan tunnel crossing Duilonghe segment of the Niulangjiang-Dianchi Lake Water Supplement Project has some disadvantages such as complex ground surface environment, shallow buried depth, and complicated geological conditions. In consideration of the technical, economic, and environmental factors, the combined measure of pre-consolidation grouting on the ground and steel in the cave combined with advanced small pipe was applied, to help the project crossing the shallow buried segment successfully.. The project finally realizes the goals of safe construction, guaranteed working period, reasonable investment, and energy conservation and environmental protection, which can provide reference for other similar projects.
The Dawushan tunnel crossing Duilonghe segment of the Niulangjiang-Dianchi Lake Water Supplement Project has some disadvantages such as complex ground surface environment, shallow buried depth, and complicated geological conditions. In consideration of the technical, economic, and environmental factors, the combined measure of pre-consolidation grouting on the ground and steel in the cave combined with advanced small pipe was applied, to help the project crossing the shallow buried segment successfully.. The project finally realizes the goals of safe construction, guaranteed working period, reasonable investment, and energy conservation and environmental protection, which can provide reference for other similar projects.
2014, 12(2):181-184.
Abstract:
The laboratory rotary coupon test was used to investigate the corrosion behavior of reclaimed water treated by the conventional process and membrane process on A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron, and the impacts of five types of water quality parameters on the two materials were analyzed. Experiment results showed that (1) the corrosion on the two materials of reclaimed water treated by membrane process is higher than that treated by conventional process; (2) A3 steel has higher corrosion resistance than ductile cast iron in the reclaimed water; (3) SO42- can facilitate corrosion in the two materials, and corrosion morphology can change when the concentration is 60 ~ 120 mg/L; (4) Cl - has the same corrosion effects on A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron as SO42- .When the concentration of Cl - reach to 90 ~ 120 mg/L, the corrosion trend varies from surface corrosion to point corrosion; and (5) the corrosion rate of A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron in the two types of reclaimed water decreases with the increasing of alkalinity. When the hardness of 30 ~ 120 mg/L, reclaimed water has inhibitory effects on corrosion to the ductile cast iron. The type of water quality needs to be considered when the LSI and LR indexes are applied to evaluate the corrosion effects of water quality on A3 steel and ductile cast iron.
The laboratory rotary coupon test was used to investigate the corrosion behavior of reclaimed water treated by the conventional process and membrane process on A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron, and the impacts of five types of water quality parameters on the two materials were analyzed. Experiment results showed that (1) the corrosion on the two materials of reclaimed water treated by membrane process is higher than that treated by conventional process; (2) A3 steel has higher corrosion resistance than ductile cast iron in the reclaimed water; (3) SO42- can facilitate corrosion in the two materials, and corrosion morphology can change when the concentration is 60 ~ 120 mg/L; (4) Cl - has the same corrosion effects on A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron as SO42- .When the concentration of Cl - reach to 90 ~ 120 mg/L, the corrosion trend varies from surface corrosion to point corrosion; and (5) the corrosion rate of A3 carbon steel and ductile cast iron in the two types of reclaimed water decreases with the increasing of alkalinity. When the hardness of 30 ~ 120 mg/L, reclaimed water has inhibitory effects on corrosion to the ductile cast iron. The type of water quality needs to be considered when the LSI and LR indexes are applied to evaluate the corrosion effects of water quality on A3 steel and ductile cast iron.
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