Volume 12,Issue 5,2014 Table of Contents
2014, 12(5):1-5.
Abstract:
To evaluate the sensitivity of the prestressed concrete lining stress to the related factors, the stretching controlling stress ?con, friction coefficient between prestressed steel and channel wall ?, local deviation friction coefficient of strand channel k, and anchorage deformation and steel shrinking value a were selected as the sensitivity factors in this paper based on the background of Yellow River crossing tunnel project. The orthogonal experiment design method was used to determine the calculation scheme, and the stress state of wall concrete was calculated using the three-dimensional finite element method with different values assigning to the factors. The sensitivities of hoop stress and axial stress of the wall concrete to the four above factors were analyzed with the range analysis method. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the magnitude of sensitivities of hoop stress and axial stress of the wall concrete to the four factors under the conditions of completed strand tension and water filling reaching design water pressure is in the order of ?, ?con, a, and k, and especially ? and ?con have a significant impact on the hoop stress. Therefore, the value accuracy of the above two factors must be evaluated or validated by the experiments to ensure that the parameter values can reflect the real situation and the results of numerical calculation are reliable .
To evaluate the sensitivity of the prestressed concrete lining stress to the related factors, the stretching controlling stress ?con, friction coefficient between prestressed steel and channel wall ?, local deviation friction coefficient of strand channel k, and anchorage deformation and steel shrinking value a were selected as the sensitivity factors in this paper based on the background of Yellow River crossing tunnel project. The orthogonal experiment design method was used to determine the calculation scheme, and the stress state of wall concrete was calculated using the three-dimensional finite element method with different values assigning to the factors. The sensitivities of hoop stress and axial stress of the wall concrete to the four above factors were analyzed with the range analysis method. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the magnitude of sensitivities of hoop stress and axial stress of the wall concrete to the four factors under the conditions of completed strand tension and water filling reaching design water pressure is in the order of ?, ?con, a, and k, and especially ? and ?con have a significant impact on the hoop stress. Therefore, the value accuracy of the above two factors must be evaluated or validated by the experiments to ensure that the parameter values can reflect the real situation and the results of numerical calculation are reliable .
2014, 12(5):6-10.
Abstract:
Triaxial creep experiments were performed on Q2 loess with different moisture contents. The experimental results showed that the rheological properties of Q2 loess strengthen with the increasing of moisture content. According to the experimental curve shape characteristics, the nonlinear viscoelastoplastic model (improved Nishihara model) was constituted by connecting a generalized Kelvin model with a nonlinear viscoplastic body in series. The improved Nishihara model was used to fit the test data and analyze the model parameters, which suggested that instantaneous deformation modulus (EH), viscoelastic modulus (Ek), and viscoelastic coefficient of viscosity (ηk) decrease in the exponential form with the increasing of moisture content. The water damage parameter D(ω) was introduced to derive the damage evolution equation of each creep parameter, and the nonlinear viscoelastoplastic model with water damage effect was established. The experimental data were used to verify the model, and the results suggested that the nonlinear creep model considering water damage can characterize the overall rheological properties of Q2 loess effectively.
Triaxial creep experiments were performed on Q2 loess with different moisture contents. The experimental results showed that the rheological properties of Q2 loess strengthen with the increasing of moisture content. According to the experimental curve shape characteristics, the nonlinear viscoelastoplastic model (improved Nishihara model) was constituted by connecting a generalized Kelvin model with a nonlinear viscoplastic body in series. The improved Nishihara model was used to fit the test data and analyze the model parameters, which suggested that instantaneous deformation modulus (EH), viscoelastic modulus (Ek), and viscoelastic coefficient of viscosity (ηk) decrease in the exponential form with the increasing of moisture content. The water damage parameter D(ω) was introduced to derive the damage evolution equation of each creep parameter, and the nonlinear viscoelastoplastic model with water damage effect was established. The experimental data were used to verify the model, and the results suggested that the nonlinear creep model considering water damage can characterize the overall rheological properties of Q2 loess effectively.
2014, 12(5):11-13.
Abstract:
In some constructed large and medium hydropower stations, in order to protect the ecological environment of downstream, a new water pipeline is usually developed through the fork tube to ensure the downstream ecological flow. An ecological unit can be installed in the new water pipeline to generate electricity. There are two arrangement forms for the ecological unit: fork tube located behind the surge tank and in front of the surge tank. For the first arrangement form, the two units share the same surge tank, resulting in large hydraulic disturbance between the ecological unit and original unit. The load change of the original unit can have greater impact on the ecological unit than that of the ecological one on the original one. For the latter arrangement form, each unit has its own surge tank, resulting in insignificant hydraulic disturbance between the two units. The two units can operate independently.
In some constructed large and medium hydropower stations, in order to protect the ecological environment of downstream, a new water pipeline is usually developed through the fork tube to ensure the downstream ecological flow. An ecological unit can be installed in the new water pipeline to generate electricity. There are two arrangement forms for the ecological unit: fork tube located behind the surge tank and in front of the surge tank. For the first arrangement form, the two units share the same surge tank, resulting in large hydraulic disturbance between the ecological unit and original unit. The load change of the original unit can have greater impact on the ecological unit than that of the ecological one on the original one. For the latter arrangement form, each unit has its own surge tank, resulting in insignificant hydraulic disturbance between the two units. The two units can operate independently.
2014, 12(5):14-17.
Abstract:
The plane turbulent jet theory was used to partition the flow regime in the stilling pool of the energy dissipater with step-down floor and analyze the flow structure of the impact area. Based on the principle of potential energy converting into kinetic energy, the empirical formula of time-averaged hydrodynamic pressure of the energy dissipater with step-down floor in the impact area was derived using the mathematical method of coordinate transformation. The reliability of the formula was verified by the hydraulic model experiments. The variations of the flow pressure of the energy dissipater with the step-down floor were analyzed with the variations of the incident energy, incident angle, and –drop sill depth.
The plane turbulent jet theory was used to partition the flow regime in the stilling pool of the energy dissipater with step-down floor and analyze the flow structure of the impact area. Based on the principle of potential energy converting into kinetic energy, the empirical formula of time-averaged hydrodynamic pressure of the energy dissipater with step-down floor in the impact area was derived using the mathematical method of coordinate transformation. The reliability of the formula was verified by the hydraulic model experiments. The variations of the flow pressure of the energy dissipater with the step-down floor were analyzed with the variations of the incident energy, incident angle, and –drop sill depth.
2014, 12(5):18-21.
Abstract:
he theory of spatial mobilized plane was used to improve the yield criterion and failure criterion of Lade-Duncan elastoplastic model, and then the modified Lade-Duncan model was established based on the non-associated flow rule. Model parameters can be determined by the traditional triaxial test. The adaptability to the modified Lade-Duncan model for silt was verified based on the triaxial UU test results of the silt samples collected in the deep foundation pit of the south-central plain area in Weifang. The modified model can better reflect the relationship between（σ1-σ3）and ε1 of supporting layer of silt, and the relativity and shear dilatancy properties of stress paths. The modified model can provide reference for the calculation of silt foundation deformation of the high-rise buildings and ultra-tall buildings.
he theory of spatial mobilized plane was used to improve the yield criterion and failure criterion of Lade-Duncan elastoplastic model, and then the modified Lade-Duncan model was established based on the non-associated flow rule. Model parameters can be determined by the traditional triaxial test. The adaptability to the modified Lade-Duncan model for silt was verified based on the triaxial UU test results of the silt samples collected in the deep foundation pit of the south-central plain area in Weifang. The modified model can better reflect the relationship between（σ1-σ3）and ε1 of supporting layer of silt, and the relativity and shear dilatancy properties of stress paths. The modified model can provide reference for the calculation of silt foundation deformation of the high-rise buildings and ultra-tall buildings.
2014, 12(5):22-26.
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of structural characteristics of a run-of-river hydropower station, the finite element analysis software Ansys was used to build a three-dimensional structural model to analyze the seismic response of the run-of-river hydropower station. Three different response spectrums from both the European code, Eurocode 8, and the Chinese Code, Specifications for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures (DL 5037-2000) were applied. The dynamic behaviors of the structure under earthquake loads were investigated using the time history analysis during the 20-seconds artificial seismic wave which was extracted from the elastic response spectrum. After analyzing and comparing the stresses and displacements of the powerhouse structure which were achieved from different calculation theories under the seismic loading condition, the main characteristics of the run-of-river hydropower stations during earthquake activities were illustrated and some suitable suggestions for seismic analysis were provided.
Based on the analysis of structural characteristics of a run-of-river hydropower station, the finite element analysis software Ansys was used to build a three-dimensional structural model to analyze the seismic response of the run-of-river hydropower station. Three different response spectrums from both the European code, Eurocode 8, and the Chinese Code, Specifications for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures (DL 5037-2000) were applied. The dynamic behaviors of the structure under earthquake loads were investigated using the time history analysis during the 20-seconds artificial seismic wave which was extracted from the elastic response spectrum. After analyzing and comparing the stresses and displacements of the powerhouse structure which were achieved from different calculation theories under the seismic loading condition, the main characteristics of the run-of-river hydropower stations during earthquake activities were illustrated and some suitable suggestions for seismic analysis were provided.
2014, 12(5):27-31.
Abstract:
The large surge shaft of Xi’ergou Hydropower Station constructed with open caisson. The open caisson has a large structure and is located in complex strata of pebbles gravel, so it used explosion method to solve the problem of the subsidence blocked in sinking construction according to the shaft lining sinking by vibration made by the shock wave overpressure’s decrease and increase alternatively. Rely on the project of Xi’ergou, in case of the damage of open caisson, it got the maximum amount of explosive allowed is 171.13kg and 74.87kg by calculating the peak value of overpressure according to theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Using explosion method to help sinking by small amount of explosive can complete the construction tasks by the premise of the guarantee of construction safety in practical engineering.
The large surge shaft of Xi’ergou Hydropower Station constructed with open caisson. The open caisson has a large structure and is located in complex strata of pebbles gravel, so it used explosion method to solve the problem of the subsidence blocked in sinking construction according to the shaft lining sinking by vibration made by the shock wave overpressure’s decrease and increase alternatively. Rely on the project of Xi’ergou, in case of the damage of open caisson, it got the maximum amount of explosive allowed is 171.13kg and 74.87kg by calculating the peak value of overpressure according to theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Using explosion method to help sinking by small amount of explosive can complete the construction tasks by the premise of the guarantee of construction safety in practical engineering.
2014, 12(5):32-35.
Abstract:
The concrete material has a porous structure due to its own physical and chemical properties, and the pore structure determines the strength and permeability of concrete. In this paper, the complex porous structure of concrete was simplified to the single capillary. According to the Fick's law and mass conservation principle, the dissolution equation of concrete pores was obtained, and the erosion model was established based on the research of capillary permeability of porous medium in Bear theory and saturated solute transport diffusion equations. The simulation results showed that the model can reflect the variations of dissolution and concentration of solid phase calcium ions and erosion thickness of side wall in pores.
The concrete material has a porous structure due to its own physical and chemical properties, and the pore structure determines the strength and permeability of concrete. In this paper, the complex porous structure of concrete was simplified to the single capillary. According to the Fick's law and mass conservation principle, the dissolution equation of concrete pores was obtained, and the erosion model was established based on the research of capillary permeability of porous medium in Bear theory and saturated solute transport diffusion equations. The simulation results showed that the model can reflect the variations of dissolution and concentration of solid phase calcium ions and erosion thickness of side wall in pores.
9 Structural Features and Comparison Tests of Different Tubular Pumping Systems with Siphon Outflows
2014, 12(5):36-40.
Abstract:
Tubular pumping systems which are widely applied in the low and extra-low head pumping stations usually adopt the structure of straight outflows in the conversional design. In order to meet the requirements of low head, short annual operation time, and high safety and reliability in the municipal flood control pumping stations, five structural types of tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows were proposed, and they have the advantages of simple structure, reliable shut-down device, convenient installation and maintenance, and cheap cost of operation and management. Under the condition of unchanged model pump, CFD simulation technology was used to perform the numerical analysis, optimal hydraulic design, and performance prediction of various tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows. According to the optimization results, a comparison test of the shaft-type tubular pumping systems with straight and siphon outflows was carried out in the model test stand with high accuracy. The model test results showed that hydraulic performances of two outflows are similar so that the structural types of straight and siphon outflows are both suitable for the low head pumping station when the tubular pumping system is used. For the extra-low head pumping station, the tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows have significant advantages compared with those with straight outflows.
Tubular pumping systems which are widely applied in the low and extra-low head pumping stations usually adopt the structure of straight outflows in the conversional design. In order to meet the requirements of low head, short annual operation time, and high safety and reliability in the municipal flood control pumping stations, five structural types of tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows were proposed, and they have the advantages of simple structure, reliable shut-down device, convenient installation and maintenance, and cheap cost of operation and management. Under the condition of unchanged model pump, CFD simulation technology was used to perform the numerical analysis, optimal hydraulic design, and performance prediction of various tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows. According to the optimization results, a comparison test of the shaft-type tubular pumping systems with straight and siphon outflows was carried out in the model test stand with high accuracy. The model test results showed that hydraulic performances of two outflows are similar so that the structural types of straight and siphon outflows are both suitable for the low head pumping station when the tubular pumping system is used. For the extra-low head pumping station, the tubular pumping systems with siphon outflows have significant advantages compared with those with straight outflows.
2014, 12(5):41-44.
Abstract:
The oil film parameters of the dynamic radial slide bearing were calculated based on the two-phase flow theory with the consideration of the fluid-structure interaction effects of lubricating oil and bearing bushing. Due to that the two-phase flow model introduces the effects of negative pressure on the bearing load, the calculated load results were greater than those determined by the single-phase flow and Reynolds equation. The impacts of bearing material on the pressure distribution and load of bearing and vaporization proportion of the oil film were demonstrated through the adjustment of the elastic modulus of bearing. Reducing the stiffness of engine bearing can decrease the maximum pressure of bearing and the amount of bearing deformation to some extent. Therefore, proper selection of bearing material is an important factor to ensure the stable operation of bearing.
The oil film parameters of the dynamic radial slide bearing were calculated based on the two-phase flow theory with the consideration of the fluid-structure interaction effects of lubricating oil and bearing bushing. Due to that the two-phase flow model introduces the effects of negative pressure on the bearing load, the calculated load results were greater than those determined by the single-phase flow and Reynolds equation. The impacts of bearing material on the pressure distribution and load of bearing and vaporization proportion of the oil film were demonstrated through the adjustment of the elastic modulus of bearing. Reducing the stiffness of engine bearing can decrease the maximum pressure of bearing and the amount of bearing deformation to some extent. Therefore, proper selection of bearing material is an important factor to ensure the stable operation of bearing.
2014, 12(5):45-49.
Abstract:
In the calculation of the stability of surrounding rock in the underground caverns, the study area of underground stress is usually large. However, the information of known parameters is limited; therefore the numerical analysis results on this basis can result in some deviations from the reality. Based on the measured data of underground stress and geological structure, and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, an inversion model of the initial stress field was developed. The inversion results were in good agreement with the measured results, which can provide reference for the further analysis of the surrounding rock stability in the plant area.
In the calculation of the stability of surrounding rock in the underground caverns, the study area of underground stress is usually large. However, the information of known parameters is limited; therefore the numerical analysis results on this basis can result in some deviations from the reality. Based on the measured data of underground stress and geological structure, and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, an inversion model of the initial stress field was developed. The inversion results were in good agreement with the measured results, which can provide reference for the further analysis of the surrounding rock stability in the plant area.
2014, 12(5):50-53.
Abstract:
The shuttle-type belt conveyer, as a new type of concrete machine, has been widely used in the pouring hydropower construction and other fields. The finite element model for analyzing the overall structure of shuttle-type belt conveyer was established using ANSYS. The load the shuttle-type belt conveyer suffered under the normal conditions was simulated, and the prestressed modal study and harmonic analysis were performed. The natural frequencies for the first 8-order modals were obtained, and the second modal frequency had the greatest impact on the dynamic performance of shuttle-type belt conveyer. Therefore, the second modal frequency was extracted as an objective function in the multi-objective optimization design, which can lay the foundation for the subsequent optimization design of shuttle -type belt conveyer structure.
The shuttle-type belt conveyer, as a new type of concrete machine, has been widely used in the pouring hydropower construction and other fields. The finite element model for analyzing the overall structure of shuttle-type belt conveyer was established using ANSYS. The load the shuttle-type belt conveyer suffered under the normal conditions was simulated, and the prestressed modal study and harmonic analysis were performed. The natural frequencies for the first 8-order modals were obtained, and the second modal frequency had the greatest impact on the dynamic performance of shuttle-type belt conveyer. Therefore, the second modal frequency was extracted as an objective function in the multi-objective optimization design, which can lay the foundation for the subsequent optimization design of shuttle -type belt conveyer structure.
2014, 12(5):54-57.
Abstract:
The finite element calculation software Ansys was used to develop a three-dimensional model of a landslide. The representative range of Kobe earthquake wave was selected to investigate the distribution characteristics of lateral stress, soil pressure, and bending moment of the anti-slide pile. The results showed that the lateral stress of the anti-slide pile is significant under earthquakes, which may have a favorable impact on the anti-seismic performance of the pile; the bending moment of the anti-slide pile shows in the “convex” shape and it reaches the maximum in the landslide area during the earthquake; and the occurrence of negative moment can have an adverse impact on the anti-seismic performance of the pile.
The finite element calculation software Ansys was used to develop a three-dimensional model of a landslide. The representative range of Kobe earthquake wave was selected to investigate the distribution characteristics of lateral stress, soil pressure, and bending moment of the anti-slide pile. The results showed that the lateral stress of the anti-slide pile is significant under earthquakes, which may have a favorable impact on the anti-seismic performance of the pile; the bending moment of the anti-slide pile shows in the “convex” shape and it reaches the maximum in the landslide area during the earthquake; and the occurrence of negative moment can have an adverse impact on the anti-seismic performance of the pile.
2014, 12(5):58-62.
Abstract:
The finite element software Midas Civil was used to develop a three-dimensional model of a practical CFST tied arch bridge with a main span of 85 m over the main canal of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Based on the results of moving load analysis and dynamic characteristic property calculation, the load test plan of the bridge was proposed. According to the load test and theoretic analysis of the whole bridge, the design and construction quality of the bridge were tested, and the load bearing capacity of the bridge structure was evaluated. The load test method presented in this paper can provide the basis for the evaluation of the same type of bridges over the main canal of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
The finite element software Midas Civil was used to develop a three-dimensional model of a practical CFST tied arch bridge with a main span of 85 m over the main canal of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Based on the results of moving load analysis and dynamic characteristic property calculation, the load test plan of the bridge was proposed. According to the load test and theoretic analysis of the whole bridge, the design and construction quality of the bridge were tested, and the load bearing capacity of the bridge structure was evaluated. The load test method presented in this paper can provide the basis for the evaluation of the same type of bridges over the main canal of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
2014, 12(5):63-66.
Abstract:
The determination method of longitudinal dispersion coefficient based on the quantile regression and the concentration-time data of two sites were used to predict the water quality in the river channel. Moreover, the results determined by the quantile regression and least squares regression methods were compared. The example results showed that the quantile regression method is feasible and effective to determine the longitudinal dispersion coefficient of river channel. The quantile regression parameters passed the hypothesis test in the 97.5% confidence level at the first site, and the highest correlation coefficient of the predicted and actual values at the second site reached up to 0.928. In addition, quantile regression method has more advantage in solving the problems with skewed distribution than the least squares regression method.
The determination method of longitudinal dispersion coefficient based on the quantile regression and the concentration-time data of two sites were used to predict the water quality in the river channel. Moreover, the results determined by the quantile regression and least squares regression methods were compared. The example results showed that the quantile regression method is feasible and effective to determine the longitudinal dispersion coefficient of river channel. The quantile regression parameters passed the hypothesis test in the 97.5% confidence level at the first site, and the highest correlation coefficient of the predicted and actual values at the second site reached up to 0.928. In addition, quantile regression method has more advantage in solving the problems with skewed distribution than the least squares regression method.
2014, 12(5):67-71.
Abstract:
Health assessment of the ecosystem in the drainage basin is one of the hot topics in the field of ecosystem management of drainage basins. Based on the PSR model, the health assessment of ecological conditions of the Zhangweinan River Basin was performed in three eras (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s). On the basis of the ecological health evolution trend analysis, the main driving factors of human activities were identified using the method of canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that the ecological health of the Zhangweinan River Basin becomes worse and then slightly better since the 1980s, and the main driving factors of human activities affecting the health development of the river basin are the sharp increase in population, soil and water conservation, and utilization of water resources.
Health assessment of the ecosystem in the drainage basin is one of the hot topics in the field of ecosystem management of drainage basins. Based on the PSR model, the health assessment of ecological conditions of the Zhangweinan River Basin was performed in three eras (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s). On the basis of the ecological health evolution trend analysis, the main driving factors of human activities were identified using the method of canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that the ecological health of the Zhangweinan River Basin becomes worse and then slightly better since the 1980s, and the main driving factors of human activities affecting the health development of the river basin are the sharp increase in population, soil and water conservation, and utilization of water resources.
2014, 12(5):72-76.
Abstract:
Export trade drives the development of our country's economy at the same time also brings environmental pollution problems. Under the theories of environmental economics and international trade, this paper uses provincial panel data from 1997 to 2011 to reveal the export trade to China's water damage based on a spatial dynamic panel data model. The results show that China's export trade and industrial waste water emissions exist with the development of export trade, increase, decreases first and then put forward. According to the empirical conclusion, some policy recommendations are proposed to promote export trade and environmental protection.
Export trade drives the development of our country's economy at the same time also brings environmental pollution problems. Under the theories of environmental economics and international trade, this paper uses provincial panel data from 1997 to 2011 to reveal the export trade to China's water damage based on a spatial dynamic panel data model. The results show that China's export trade and industrial waste water emissions exist with the development of export trade, increase, decreases first and then put forward. According to the empirical conclusion, some policy recommendations are proposed to promote export trade and environmental protection.
2014, 12(5):77-80.
Abstract:
This paper was devoted to the comparison work of the two cut-off plans on upstream of Fu River in Chengdu city with a 2D mathematical model. In the first plan, this elevation difference was assigned to one step-fall. In the second cut-off plan, the elevation difference of the curve reach was assigned to the whole river. Both plans would decrease the water level and increase the velocity of main river in upstream. Meanwhile the hydrodynamics of the curve reach was reduced. However, the first plan could cause more intensive change. In the second plan, the velocity of step-fall was too high to keep the stability of the channel under the local scour and too much noise would be created due to this high speed current. The first plan was similar to the natural cut-off river progress, therefore was more reasonable and safe.
This paper was devoted to the comparison work of the two cut-off plans on upstream of Fu River in Chengdu city with a 2D mathematical model. In the first plan, this elevation difference was assigned to one step-fall. In the second cut-off plan, the elevation difference of the curve reach was assigned to the whole river. Both plans would decrease the water level and increase the velocity of main river in upstream. Meanwhile the hydrodynamics of the curve reach was reduced. However, the first plan could cause more intensive change. In the second plan, the velocity of step-fall was too high to keep the stability of the channel under the local scour and too much noise would be created due to this high speed current. The first plan was similar to the natural cut-off river progress, therefore was more reasonable and safe.
2014, 12(5):81-85.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the groundwater quality and contamination in Baotou City, 33 groundwater samples and 4 surface water samples were collected to analyze the heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As. The pollution distribution of heavy metals and their sources in four different districts in Baotou were analyzed using the hydrochemical analysis, environmental geochemical analysis, environmental quality assessment, and pollution evaluation methods. The results indicated that all four districts have heavy metal contamination and the heaviest pollution is detected in the Donghe district, where the samples with detection and over standard of heavy metals are the most. The order of detection rate of heavy metals is Pb>As>Cd>Cr6+, and the pollution degree is Pb>Cr6+>As>Cd. Based on the analysis of industrial wastewater, heavy metal contents in soil and domestic sewage, industrial wastewater effluent is the main source of heavy metal pollution. In addition, there is significant relationship between Cd and Pb, indicating that they may be from the same pollution source.
In order to investigate the groundwater quality and contamination in Baotou City, 33 groundwater samples and 4 surface water samples were collected to analyze the heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As. The pollution distribution of heavy metals and their sources in four different districts in Baotou were analyzed using the hydrochemical analysis, environmental geochemical analysis, environmental quality assessment, and pollution evaluation methods. The results indicated that all four districts have heavy metal contamination and the heaviest pollution is detected in the Donghe district, where the samples with detection and over standard of heavy metals are the most. The order of detection rate of heavy metals is Pb>As>Cd>Cr6+, and the pollution degree is Pb>Cr6+>As>Cd. Based on the analysis of industrial wastewater, heavy metal contents in soil and domestic sewage, industrial wastewater effluent is the main source of heavy metal pollution. In addition, there is significant relationship between Cd and Pb, indicating that they may be from the same pollution source.
2014, 12(5):86-89.
Abstract:
A hydrodynamic water quality model of the Haizhou Bay was established using the three-dimensional model with variable boundaries (ECOM3D) developed by Princeton University. The computation results can characterize the temporal and spatial distributions of the tidal current field of M2 tide (major lunar semidiurnal tide) and pollutant transportation field in the offshore area of Haizhou Bay. On the basis, the relationship between the discharge amount of CODCr and length of pollution zone was developed, which can provide the scientific basis for the environmental administration to perform water quality management and pollution control of total discharge in the tidal bay area.
A hydrodynamic water quality model of the Haizhou Bay was established using the three-dimensional model with variable boundaries (ECOM3D) developed by Princeton University. The computation results can characterize the temporal and spatial distributions of the tidal current field of M2 tide (major lunar semidiurnal tide) and pollutant transportation field in the offshore area of Haizhou Bay. On the basis, the relationship between the discharge amount of CODCr and length of pollution zone was developed, which can provide the scientific basis for the environmental administration to perform water quality management and pollution control of total discharge in the tidal bay area.
2014, 12(5):90-95.
Abstract:
The characteristics of climate change in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin were investigated using the temperature and precipitation data of China and Russia from 1981 to 2010 and three-stage (1992, 2000, and 2010) remote-sensing image data, and the impacts of climate change on the ecological environment in the area were analyzed. The results indicated that the annual average temperature increases with a rate of 0.33℃ per decade, while the perennial average precipitation decreases with a rate of 22.05 mm per decade in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin. Due to the drying and warming climate and impacts of human activities, the vegetation cover in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin changed significantly, which caused great impacts on the ecological environment, such as the degradation of the forest ecological system, wetland shrinkage, permafrost thawing, and land desertification.
The characteristics of climate change in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin were investigated using the temperature and precipitation data of China and Russia from 1981 to 2010 and three-stage (1992, 2000, and 2010) remote-sensing image data, and the impacts of climate change on the ecological environment in the area were analyzed. The results indicated that the annual average temperature increases with a rate of 0.33℃ per decade, while the perennial average precipitation decreases with a rate of 22.05 mm per decade in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin. Due to the drying and warming climate and impacts of human activities, the vegetation cover in the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin changed significantly, which caused great impacts on the ecological environment, such as the degradation of the forest ecological system, wetland shrinkage, permafrost thawing, and land desertification.
2014, 12(5):96-99.
Abstract:
Based on the analyses of the observations from the representative stations in the non-flood season, it is found that the observed runoff in Hutuo River at the beginning of this century has decreased to one third of that in 1950s. The decrease of the water in the upstream of the river has resulted in serious environmental deterioration in the lower reaches. Large-scale human activities have changed the underlying surface of the Hutuo River Basin. As a consequence, the natural annual runoff has decreased by more than 40% under the same level of the annual precipitation in recent years. Meanwhile, the percentage of the water consumption in the total water is increasing year after year. In this case, the river drying-up becomes normal and the water environment is deteriorating seriously in the lower reaches of the Hutuo River. Taking the Middle Rout Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion as an opportunity, it is expected that the relations of flood control, water supply and environment protection in lower reaches can be reconstructed for the reservoir regulation in order to restore the water environment of the Hutuo River.
Based on the analyses of the observations from the representative stations in the non-flood season, it is found that the observed runoff in Hutuo River at the beginning of this century has decreased to one third of that in 1950s. The decrease of the water in the upstream of the river has resulted in serious environmental deterioration in the lower reaches. Large-scale human activities have changed the underlying surface of the Hutuo River Basin. As a consequence, the natural annual runoff has decreased by more than 40% under the same level of the annual precipitation in recent years. Meanwhile, the percentage of the water consumption in the total water is increasing year after year. In this case, the river drying-up becomes normal and the water environment is deteriorating seriously in the lower reaches of the Hutuo River. Taking the Middle Rout Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion as an opportunity, it is expected that the relations of flood control, water supply and environment protection in lower reaches can be reconstructed for the reservoir regulation in order to restore the water environment of the Hutuo River.
2014, 12(5):100-103.
Abstract:
The matter element analy sis method w as used to ev aluate the security of reg ional w ater resources and to dev elo p the e2 v aluatio n index system fr om four aspects, including the over all secur ity of w ater r eso urces, the social secur ity of w ater re2 sour ces, t he economic securit y o f w ater resources, and the eco lo gical secur ity o f w ater resources. The ev aluatio n index sy st em was applied to Sucheng Distr ict. T he results showed t hat the w ater r eso ur ces of Sucheng Distr ict wer e healthy in 2012. T he matter element analysis metho d can so lv e the pro blem o f incom patibilit y betw een differ ent indicator s, and it can pr ov ide reasona2 ble and feasible ev aluatio n o f reg ional water security.
The matter element analy sis method w as used to ev aluate the security of reg ional w ater resources and to dev elo p the e2 v aluatio n index system fr om four aspects, including the over all secur ity of w ater r eso urces, the social secur ity of w ater re2 sour ces, t he economic securit y o f w ater resources, and the eco lo gical secur ity o f w ater resources. The ev aluatio n index sy st em was applied to Sucheng Distr ict. T he results showed t hat the w ater r eso ur ces of Sucheng Distr ict wer e healthy in 2012. T he matter element analysis metho d can so lv e the pro blem o f incom patibilit y betw een differ ent indicator s, and it can pr ov ide reasona2 ble and feasible ev aluatio n o f reg ional water security.
2014, 12(5):104-108.
Abstract:
The va riation char acteristics and trend of precipitation in Ganzho u from 1951 to 2011 w ere analyzed using the methods of linear reg ression and mo ving averag e from the perspect ive of seasonal and int erannual v ariat ions. Five indexes wer e used, in2 cluding the av erag e precipitat ion, r ainfall fr equency, rainfall intensity, extr eme precipitat ion ev ents, and max imum daily pr ecipita2 tion. T he r esult s show ed that the av erag e annual rainfall in Ganzhou is 229. 6 mm in recent 61 year s; the spring and summer ar e the w et seasons w hile the autumn and w inter are the dry seaso ns; and t he pr ecipitatio n, precipitatio n fr equency, and ex tr eme pre2 cipitat ion events decrease slowly w hile the precipitation intensit y and max imum daily pr ecipitatio n incr ease slowly.
The va riation char acteristics and trend of precipitation in Ganzho u from 1951 to 2011 w ere analyzed using the methods of linear reg ression and mo ving averag e from the perspect ive of seasonal and int erannual v ariat ions. Five indexes wer e used, in2 cluding the av erag e precipitat ion, r ainfall fr equency, rainfall intensity, extr eme precipitat ion ev ents, and max imum daily pr ecipita2 tion. T he r esult s show ed that the av erag e annual rainfall in Ganzhou is 229. 6 mm in recent 61 year s; the spring and summer ar e the w et seasons w hile the autumn and w inter are the dry seaso ns; and t he pr ecipitatio n, precipitatio n fr equency, and ex tr eme pre2 cipitat ion events decrease slowly w hile the precipitation intensit y and max imum daily pr ecipitatio n incr ease slowly.
2014, 12(5):109-112.
Abstract:
The BP neural net wo rk model method for runo ff modeling was int roduced and the mo del was a pplied to simulat e the daily runo ff in a w atershed of Yichang in H ubei Prov ince. First, based on the tempo ral distributio n of rainfall2r uno ff in the study area, t he modeling approaches fo r the w et and dry seasons w ere developed separ ately . Second, the main facto rs affect ing the r un2 o ff wer e analyzed, and t he input v ariables of the model included the r unoff o f f ive previous days, rainfall of three previous days, cur rent rainfall, and cur rent evapotr anspir ation. Thir d, the appr opriat e model str ucture and learning eff iciency parameters wer e determ ined thro ug h trial2and2er ro r tests. Finally, det erminacy coefficient w as used to assess the accuracy o f simulation results. The results show ed t hat the BP neural netw o rk models of the wet and dry seasons over come the disadvantages of low accuracy in pr evio us models w hen simulat ing the ext reme event s, and the BP neur al netwo rk model can simulate the high and low r unoff co nditions wit h hig h accuracy .
The BP neural net wo rk model method for runo ff modeling was int roduced and the mo del was a pplied to simulat e the daily runo ff in a w atershed of Yichang in H ubei Prov ince. First, based on the tempo ral distributio n of rainfall2r uno ff in the study area, t he modeling approaches fo r the w et and dry seasons w ere developed separ ately . Second, the main facto rs affect ing the r un2 o ff wer e analyzed, and t he input v ariables of the model included the r unoff o f f ive previous days, rainfall of three previous days, cur rent rainfall, and cur rent evapotr anspir ation. Thir d, the appr opriat e model str ucture and learning eff iciency parameters wer e determ ined thro ug h trial2and2er ro r tests. Finally, det erminacy coefficient w as used to assess the accuracy o f simulation results. The results show ed t hat the BP neural netw o rk models of the wet and dry seasons over come the disadvantages of low accuracy in pr evio us models w hen simulat ing the ext reme event s, and the BP neur al netwo rk model can simulate the high and low r unoff co nditions wit h hig h accuracy .
2014, 12(5):113-117.
Abstract:
On the basis o f the daily precipitation data at 6 stations in the Ba iyangdian Basin fr om 1959 to 2009, the characterist ics of precipitation wer e analyzed using the mov ing aver age met ho d, Mann2Kendall test metho d, and wav elet analysis method. T he results show ed that the annual pr ecipitatio n amount decreased, which w as mainly caused by the sig nificant decline in the amount of pr ecipitatio n day s; the degr ee o f unev enness of monthly precipitation decreased; the precipitatio n frequency of diff er ent precip2 itation intensities w as stable, and the pr opor tion of pr ecipitatio n amount of smaller pr ecipitatio n intensity decreased w hile that of lag er precipitation intensit y increased; the amo unt and int ensity of heavy sto rm decreased significantly; and annual precipitatio n show ed four scale cycles, and 16a was the main cycle.
On the basis o f the daily precipitation data at 6 stations in the Ba iyangdian Basin fr om 1959 to 2009, the characterist ics of precipitation wer e analyzed using the mov ing aver age met ho d, Mann2Kendall test metho d, and wav elet analysis method. T he results show ed that the annual pr ecipitatio n amount decreased, which w as mainly caused by the sig nificant decline in the amount of pr ecipitatio n day s; the degr ee o f unev enness of monthly precipitation decreased; the precipitatio n frequency of diff er ent precip2 itation intensities w as stable, and the pr opor tion of pr ecipitatio n amount of smaller pr ecipitatio n intensity decreased w hile that of lag er precipitation intensit y increased; the amo unt and int ensity of heavy sto rm decreased significantly; and annual precipitatio n show ed four scale cycles, and 16a was the main cycle.
2014, 12(5):118-123.
Abstract:
In or der to investigate the spatial and tempor al var iations of precipitat ion in the Binjiang Riv er basin, the daily pr ecipi2 tat ion dat a fr om 1965 t o 2011 w ere selected and the Mo rlet w avelet analysis, M ann2Kendall t est, Mann2Whitney2Pett itt ver ifica2 tion metho d, and linea r tr end est imatio n method w ere per formed to analy ze the monthly precipitation in t he basin. The r esults show ed that during the f loo d season, precipitat ion shows an a pparently spatial difference w ith an increasing f rom the no rthw est to the southeast; averag e precipitatio ns in Ma y and June are the larg est and close attentio n needs to be paid fo r f loo d co nt ro l; during the no n2floo d seasons, the beg inning and the end of flo od seasons, precipitat ions are evenly distr ibuted and influenced by the airstr eam and topog raphy; monthly pr ecipitations show shor t cy cle of 4~ 8 a, and intermediate and long cycles of 11~ 14 a, 16~ 19 a, and 27~ 29 a; and precipitat ion in April decreases sig nificant ly and has mutatio n in 2001 in the who le riv er basin, while pr ecipitatio n in Ma y decr eases sig nificant ly and has mutatio n in 1989 in the south of the river basin.
In or der to investigate the spatial and tempor al var iations of precipitat ion in the Binjiang Riv er basin, the daily pr ecipi2 tat ion dat a fr om 1965 t o 2011 w ere selected and the Mo rlet w avelet analysis, M ann2Kendall t est, Mann2Whitney2Pett itt ver ifica2 tion metho d, and linea r tr end est imatio n method w ere per formed to analy ze the monthly precipitation in t he basin. The r esults show ed that during the f loo d season, precipitat ion shows an a pparently spatial difference w ith an increasing f rom the no rthw est to the southeast; averag e precipitatio ns in Ma y and June are the larg est and close attentio n needs to be paid fo r f loo d co nt ro l; during the no n2floo d seasons, the beg inning and the end of flo od seasons, precipitat ions are evenly distr ibuted and influenced by the airstr eam and topog raphy; monthly pr ecipitations show shor t cy cle of 4~ 8 a, and intermediate and long cycles of 11~ 14 a, 16~ 19 a, and 27~ 29 a; and precipitat ion in April decreases sig nificant ly and has mutatio n in 2001 in the who le riv er basin, while pr ecipitatio n in Ma y decr eases sig nificant ly and has mutatio n in 1989 in the south of the river basin.
2014, 12(5):124-128.
Abstract:
Based on the runo ff data fr om six hydro log ical statio ns in the mo untain headstream a rea o f T arim Riv er Basin from 1957 t o 2008, the intr a2annua l var iation of runoff w as analyzed using the no n2 par amet ric t est and w avelet analysis. The r esults show ed that the mo nthly r unoff, and runoff during the hig h2 and low2flow per io ds in the headstream area increase significantly; in mountain headstr eam area, the concent ratio n deg ree index ( CDI) at the Xiehela hydro lo gical statio n increases slig htly , w hile the indexes at the other five statio ns ( Shanlig uilank, Kaqun, Yuzmenlek, T ongg uzlek, and Wuluw ati) decrease; The concentr a2 tion deg ree indexes of r unoff in the mountain headstr eam ar ea has a significant perio d of 3 to 8 y ea rs. Overall, the results of the study can pr ov ide a scientific basis for realizing the sustainable use o f water resour ces in the Tar im Riv er basin.
Based on the runo ff data fr om six hydro log ical statio ns in the mo untain headstream a rea o f T arim Riv er Basin from 1957 t o 2008, the intr a2annua l var iation of runoff w as analyzed using the no n2 par amet ric t est and w avelet analysis. The r esults show ed that the mo nthly r unoff, and runoff during the hig h2 and low2flow per io ds in the headstream area increase significantly; in mountain headstr eam area, the concent ratio n deg ree index ( CDI) at the Xiehela hydro lo gical statio n increases slig htly , w hile the indexes at the other five statio ns ( Shanlig uilank, Kaqun, Yuzmenlek, T ongg uzlek, and Wuluw ati) decrease; The concentr a2 tion deg ree indexes of r unoff in the mountain headstr eam ar ea has a significant perio d of 3 to 8 y ea rs. Overall, the results of the study can pr ov ide a scientific basis for realizing the sustainable use o f water resour ces in the Tar im Riv er basin.
2014, 12(5):129-132.
Abstract:
Accumulatio n slope has the character istics of lar ge vo lume, big fall, and steep slope, w hich can induce potential thr eats to the key wat er projects. In this paper, the stability of an accumulation slo pe of a hy dr opow er statio n in southwest China w as calculated and evaluated using GEO2SLPOE softw are. The method of energ y and Pan Jiazheng metho d w ere adopted to calculat e sliding speed, and the surg e heig ht w as determined by empir ical formula method of IWH R and Pan Jiazheng met ho d. The r esults show ed that local instabilit y can o ccur in the accumulatio n under stor age condit ions and the sur ge height is 0. 63 m at a tow n of 19 km dow nstr eam. H ow ever, the sur ge has litt le impacts on the dow nst ream tow ns and the dam.
Accumulatio n slope has the character istics of lar ge vo lume, big fall, and steep slope, w hich can induce potential thr eats to the key wat er projects. In this paper, the stability of an accumulation slo pe of a hy dr opow er statio n in southwest China w as calculated and evaluated using GEO2SLPOE softw are. The method of energ y and Pan Jiazheng metho d w ere adopted to calculat e sliding speed, and the surg e heig ht w as determined by empir ical formula method of IWH R and Pan Jiazheng met ho d. The r esults show ed that local instabilit y can o ccur in the accumulatio n under stor age condit ions and the sur ge height is 0. 63 m at a tow n of 19 km dow nstr eam. H ow ever, the sur ge has litt le impacts on the dow nst ream tow ns and the dam.
2014, 12(5):133-137.
Abstract:
Chemical compositions and distr ibution in gr oundw ater can rev ea l the interaction mechanism between g ro undwater and the environment to some extent. H ier archical cluster analysis ( H CA) was used to analyze the main index es ( H CO-3 , Cl- , SO4 2- , K+ , Na+ , Ca2+ , and Mg2+ ) of 24 g ro undwater samples, which wer e div ided into thr ee clusters ( C1 , C2 , and C3 ) . Pr inci2 pal compo nent analy sis ( PCA) w as used to perfo rm dimension reduction tr eatment o n eight chemical index es of gr oundw at er, and three comprehensiv e index es ( PC1 , P C2 and P C3 ) wer e obtained. The chemical character istics and formation mechanism of gr oundwat er w ere analyzed using the PCA and piper diagr am r esults and based o n the location and r ock ty pe of the g ro undw ater samples. Results show ed that ( 1) C1 w ater sam ple is po re water in lo ose str at a, and its w ater qualit y is mainly affected by disso2 lut ion, leaching, and ion ex chang e based o n PC1 and PC3 index es. The w ater ty pe is H CO3 # Cl2Ca# Mg o r Cl # H CO32Ca# Mg ; ( 2) C2 water sample is st ructur al fissure w ater, and the disso lutio n and leaching effects in C2 wat er sample ar e low er than tho se in C1 water sample based on PC1 and PC2 index es. The contents of main ions in C2 are lower than those in C1 but there are mor e car bo nat e rock and mag nesium minera l in sur ro unding ro cks, which results in the increasing of CO3- and Mg2+ contents. T he water type of C2 is H CO32Ca# M g o r H CO32Ca; and ( 3) C3 water sample is weather ing f issure water , and the dissolut ion and leaching effects in C3 w ater sample ar e ev en lower based on P C1 and PC2 index es. It has go od w ater quality but can var y sig nifi2 cantly in different seaso ns. So luble fluo rine occurs in the surr ounding ro cks, which r esults in the incr easing o f F- content. T he water type is mainly HCO3 # SO42Ca# M g.
Chemical compositions and distr ibution in gr oundw ater can rev ea l the interaction mechanism between g ro undwater and the environment to some extent. H ier archical cluster analysis ( H CA) was used to analyze the main index es ( H CO-3 , Cl- , SO4 2- , K+ , Na+ , Ca2+ , and Mg2+ ) of 24 g ro undwater samples, which wer e div ided into thr ee clusters ( C1 , C2 , and C3 ) . Pr inci2 pal compo nent analy sis ( PCA) w as used to perfo rm dimension reduction tr eatment o n eight chemical index es of gr oundw at er, and three comprehensiv e index es ( PC1 , P C2 and P C3 ) wer e obtained. The chemical character istics and formation mechanism of gr oundwat er w ere analyzed using the PCA and piper diagr am r esults and based o n the location and r ock ty pe of the g ro undw ater samples. Results show ed that ( 1) C1 w ater sam ple is po re water in lo ose str at a, and its w ater qualit y is mainly affected by disso2 lut ion, leaching, and ion ex chang e based o n PC1 and PC3 index es. The w ater ty pe is H CO3 # Cl2Ca# Mg o r Cl # H CO32Ca# Mg ; ( 2) C2 water sample is st ructur al fissure w ater, and the disso lutio n and leaching effects in C2 wat er sample ar e low er than tho se in C1 water sample based on PC1 and PC2 index es. The contents of main ions in C2 are lower than those in C1 but there are mor e car bo nat e rock and mag nesium minera l in sur ro unding ro cks, which results in the increasing of CO3- and Mg2+ contents. T he water type of C2 is H CO32Ca# M g o r H CO32Ca; and ( 3) C3 water sample is weather ing f issure water , and the dissolut ion and leaching effects in C3 w ater sample ar e ev en lower based on P C1 and PC2 index es. It has go od w ater quality but can var y sig nifi2 cantly in different seaso ns. So luble fluo rine occurs in the surr ounding ro cks, which r esults in the incr easing o f F- content. T he water type is mainly HCO3 # SO42Ca# M g.
2014, 12(5):138-140.
Abstract:
In or der t o impro ve t he dr inking w ater conditio ns o f Xiag ang v illag e in the nort h of Daiy ue district of Taian city of Shando ng Pr ov ince, the abnormal characteristics of lower resistiv ity wer e analyzed using the appar ent r esistivity combined pro2 files method in this paper. T he r esults showed t hat the fr acture development is related to the abno rmal character istics o f low re2 sistance po int of intersectio n, which can determine the fissure crushed zone w ith NNE dir ect ion. On the basis, the abno rmal char acter istics of low er r esist ivit y U2type w ere analy zed using the tr i electro de sounding method, w hich speculates the g roundw2 ater rich area in center point o f 530/ 3 and sugg est s that bedr ock fissur e dev elops at the depth of 70 to 250 meter s. Finally, the po int of 530/ 3 w as used as the drilling point, and geo physical ex plo ration w as per formed to det ermine that the point is 194 me2 ter s deep and has an aver age daily water product ion o f 168 m3 . The study not only solves the water supply pr oblem, but also pr oves that the integr ated elect ric method is a practical and effect ive w ay fo r g roundw ater ex plo ratio n.
In or der t o impro ve t he dr inking w ater conditio ns o f Xiag ang v illag e in the nort h of Daiy ue district of Taian city of Shando ng Pr ov ince, the abnormal characteristics of lower resistiv ity wer e analyzed using the appar ent r esistivity combined pro2 files method in this paper. T he r esults showed t hat the fr acture development is related to the abno rmal character istics o f low re2 sistance po int of intersectio n, which can determine the fissure crushed zone w ith NNE dir ect ion. On the basis, the abno rmal char acter istics of low er r esist ivit y U2type w ere analy zed using the tr i electro de sounding method, w hich speculates the g roundw2 ater rich area in center point o f 530/ 3 and sugg est s that bedr ock fissur e dev elops at the depth of 70 to 250 meter s. Finally, the po int of 530/ 3 w as used as the drilling point, and geo physical ex plo ration w as per formed to det ermine that the point is 194 me2 ter s deep and has an aver age daily water product ion o f 168 m3 . The study not only solves the water supply pr oblem, but also pr oves that the integr ated elect ric method is a practical and effect ive w ay fo r g roundw ater ex plo ratio n.
2014, 12(5):141-146.
Abstract:
In or der t o better under stand the evolution pr ocess and main co nt ro lling factors of local g roundw ater quality in the Laiyuan Basin, the chemical char acteristics of gr oundw at er w ere ana lyzed based o n the field hydrog eolog ical investig atio n, and inverse simulat ion was per formed to address the chemical ev olution o f gr oundwat er using the hydrochemical softw ar e PH REEQC. T he results showed that gr oundwat er flow field is contro lled by the g eolog ical str uctur es such as Tuanyuan Syn2 cline, Dong go u2Daning Fault, and Pa ifang2Fengcun Fault; calcite and do lomite are t he main miner als inv olved in w ater2 rock inter2 actio ns; the ma in chemical constituents of g ro undwater and chemical evo lutio n of g roundw ater ar e consistent w ith those o f aqui2 fer litho lo gy in space; and t he abno rmality of pH and co nt ents of nit rate, sulfate, and chlo ride are caused by human activ ities.
In or der t o better under stand the evolution pr ocess and main co nt ro lling factors of local g roundw ater quality in the Laiyuan Basin, the chemical char acteristics of gr oundw at er w ere ana lyzed based o n the field hydrog eolog ical investig atio n, and inverse simulat ion was per formed to address the chemical ev olution o f gr oundwat er using the hydrochemical softw ar e PH REEQC. T he results showed that gr oundwat er flow field is contro lled by the g eolog ical str uctur es such as Tuanyuan Syn2 cline, Dong go u2Daning Fault, and Pa ifang2Fengcun Fault; calcite and do lomite are t he main miner als inv olved in w ater2 rock inter2 actio ns; the ma in chemical constituents of g ro undwater and chemical evo lutio n of g roundw ater ar e consistent w ith those o f aqui2 fer litho lo gy in space; and t he abno rmality of pH and co nt ents of nit rate, sulfate, and chlo ride are caused by human activ ities.
33 Prone degree evaluation of debris flow based on triangle whitening weight function of central point
2014, 12(5):147-150.
Abstract:
Debris flow o ften occurs in the mountain area w ith r ipe conditio ns, and its sudden outbreak makes it difficult to pr edict the ex act occur rence time. In this paper , the tr iang le w hitening w eight function method of cent ral point w as applied to evaluat e the pro ne degr ee o f the debr is flow o n the left bank o f gr ind g ully of the Ying liang bao hydro pow er station. The observ at ion in2 dexes w ere div ided into sev er al def ined categ or ies, w hich can assess the susceptibility of debr is flow using the t riang le whitening weig ht function metho d of centr al point. The evaluation results show ed that pr one degr ee o f debr is f low is mild in the study a re2 a. Compa red w ith the results o bt ained fr om the triang le whitening w eight functio n of endpo int, the tr iang le whitening w eig ht function method of central po int met ho d is mor e scientific and reasonable and fully co nsistent with the act ual co nditions. On the basis, the constr uctiv e measures w ere pro posed for the drainag e and pro tection of the debr is flow g ully in the study ar ea.
Debris flow o ften occurs in the mountain area w ith r ipe conditio ns, and its sudden outbreak makes it difficult to pr edict the ex act occur rence time. In this paper , the tr iang le w hitening w eight function method of cent ral point w as applied to evaluat e the pro ne degr ee o f the debr is flow o n the left bank o f gr ind g ully of the Ying liang bao hydro pow er station. The observ at ion in2 dexes w ere div ided into sev er al def ined categ or ies, w hich can assess the susceptibility of debr is flow using the t riang le whitening weig ht function metho d of centr al point. The evaluation results show ed that pr one degr ee o f debr is f low is mild in the study a re2 a. Compa red w ith the results o bt ained fr om the triang le whitening w eight functio n of endpo int, the tr iang le whitening w eig ht function method of central po int met ho d is mor e scientific and reasonable and fully co nsistent with the act ual co nditions. On the basis, the constr uctiv e measures w ere pro posed for the drainag e and pro tection of the debr is flow g ully in the study ar ea.
2014, 12(5):151-154.
Abstract:
Use of bo rehole benchmark is an impo rtant metho d to investig ate the mechanism of la yered land subsidence in differ ent st ratums. In this paper, the lay er ed mo nitor ing land subsidence data in Xinkou, Xiqing dist rict of T ianjin City between 2005 and 2009 w ere analyzed. T he r esults show ed that t he settlements of phreatic2feeble confined aquifer , the No. II, and No . III confined aquifers decr ease annually ; the settlements of phreatic2feeble confined aquifer and the No . I confined aquifer have insig nificant relat ionship with t he exploitation quantit y, and they ar e mainly caused by elastic defo rmatio n; the settlements of the No. IV con2 fined aquifer ar e st ill increasing unifo rmly and the reduction of ex plo itatio n quant ity in the No. II and No. III co nfined aquifer s cannot help r est rain the settlements of the No . IV aquifer. The r esults can pro vide refer ence fo r the distr ibutio n adjustment of gr oundwat er ex ploitat ion in this area.
Use of bo rehole benchmark is an impo rtant metho d to investig ate the mechanism of la yered land subsidence in differ ent st ratums. In this paper, the lay er ed mo nitor ing land subsidence data in Xinkou, Xiqing dist rict of T ianjin City between 2005 and 2009 w ere analyzed. T he r esults show ed that t he settlements of phreatic2feeble confined aquifer , the No. II, and No . III confined aquifers decr ease annually ; the settlements of phreatic2feeble confined aquifer and the No . I confined aquifer have insig nificant relat ionship with t he exploitation quantit y, and they ar e mainly caused by elastic defo rmatio n; the settlements of the No. IV con2 fined aquifer ar e st ill increasing unifo rmly and the reduction of ex plo itatio n quant ity in the No. II and No. III co nfined aquifer s cannot help r est rain the settlements of the No . IV aquifer. The r esults can pro vide refer ence fo r the distr ibutio n adjustment of gr oundwat er ex ploitat ion in this area.
2014, 12(5):155-159.
Abstract:
Based on the surv ey results o f kar st water in 2012 and previous data in Beijing, the hydrochemical char act eristics, the water qualit y evo lutio n, and the causes of g roundw ater quality deter ior atio n o f cover ed karst w ater in Dax ing2Tongzhou of Bei2 jing w ere investigated. The results showed that the hy dr aulic connection betw een the two gr oundwat er stor age structures in Daxing and To ng zho u is w eak and the hy dr ochemical cha racteristics ar e differ ent. The ka rst water type is mainly HCO3 # SO42 Na# Ca in To ng zho u. The total hardness and total dissolved so lids ar e low and the w ater quality is go od in the area There is no obvio us chang e in water qua lity compar ed with that in 1998. The karst w ater type is mainly HCO32Ca# Mg in Dax ing. The to tal har dness and total disso lved solids ar e high. The qua lit y is poo rer in H uangcun2Dongg aodi ar ea. T he water quality deter ior ates and the total har dness and total disso lv ed solids increase compared w ith those in 2001. T he karst g ro undwater is po lluted and the pollutio n sco pe ex pands g radually in Dax ing . Ther e ar e tw o main causes of w at er quality det erio ration in Dax ing: ( 1) landfill leachat e and po llut ed surface w ater enter into the upstream of karst water ; ( 2) long2term excessive ex ploitat ion of ka rst gr ound2 w ater changes the g r oundwater hydrody namic field and stor age conditions of kar st w ater.
Based on the surv ey results o f kar st water in 2012 and previous data in Beijing, the hydrochemical char act eristics, the water qualit y evo lutio n, and the causes of g roundw ater quality deter ior atio n o f cover ed karst w ater in Dax ing2Tongzhou of Bei2 jing w ere investigated. The results showed that the hy dr aulic connection betw een the two gr oundwat er stor age structures in Daxing and To ng zho u is w eak and the hy dr ochemical cha racteristics ar e differ ent. The ka rst water type is mainly HCO3 # SO42 Na# Ca in To ng zho u. The total hardness and total dissolved so lids ar e low and the w ater quality is go od in the area There is no obvio us chang e in water qua lity compar ed with that in 1998. The karst w ater type is mainly HCO32Ca# Mg in Dax ing. The to tal har dness and total disso lved solids ar e high. The qua lit y is poo rer in H uangcun2Dongg aodi ar ea. T he water quality deter ior ates and the total har dness and total disso lv ed solids increase compared w ith those in 2001. T he karst g ro undwater is po lluted and the pollutio n sco pe ex pands g radually in Dax ing . Ther e ar e tw o main causes of w at er quality det erio ration in Dax ing: ( 1) landfill leachat e and po llut ed surface w ater enter into the upstream of karst water ; ( 2) long2term excessive ex ploitat ion of ka rst gr ound2 w ater changes the g r oundwater hydrody namic field and stor age conditions of kar st w ater.
2014, 12(5):160-165.
Abstract:
Dig ital Elevat ion Model( DEM) inter po lat ion techniques can help achieve the ar ea ter rain data rapidly . The hydro dy2 namic mo deling and computat ional analy sis module in EFDC model w ere used to establish the flood routing model, and model results can be visualized w ith the help of ARCGIS display functions. In this paper, the flood routing in the Daming flood detention basin of the Zhangwei River was simulated based on the flood on July 1962, and the model results based on three different designed flood2releasing schemes w ere compared and analyzed. The results showed that the EFDC model performs well to simulate the evo lution law of the flood, w hich can prov ide v aluable references for the flood contr ol decision2making in the flood detention basin.
Dig ital Elevat ion Model( DEM) inter po lat ion techniques can help achieve the ar ea ter rain data rapidly . The hydro dy2 namic mo deling and computat ional analy sis module in EFDC model w ere used to establish the flood routing model, and model results can be visualized w ith the help of ARCGIS display functions. In this paper, the flood routing in the Daming flood detention basin of the Zhangwei River was simulated based on the flood on July 1962, and the model results based on three different designed flood2releasing schemes w ere compared and analyzed. The results showed that the EFDC model performs well to simulate the evo lution law of the flood, w hich can prov ide v aluable references for the flood contr ol decision2making in the flood detention basin.
2014, 12(5):166-169.
Abstract:
Compared with t he tr aditional approaches of dat a collectio n, the techno lo gy of remo te sensing is an effectiv e too l to ob2 tain data in a quick, compr ehensive, real2t ime, and o bject ive fashion. In this paper, the irr igat ion manag ement info rmation re2 quirements, curr ent dat a collectio n status, and applicatio n of r emote sensing techno log y w ere analyzed. The remote sensing tech2 nolog y w as applied in the applicatio n of ir rig atio n management system of Hetao Ir rigatio n Distr ict. The applicatio ns included: ca2 nal data ex traction using the suppor t v ect or machines classificat ion metho ds; cr op str ucture identificatio n using the suppo rt vec2 to r machines classification methods based o n the multi2tempora l r emote sensing images; data ex tr act ion of actual irrigated ar ea based on the v ariat ions of per pendicular droug ht index before and after irr igat ion and g r ound surv ey lo cat ions t o realize the mo2 nito ring of irr igat ion prog ress. T he r esults show ed that remo te sensing can cover the shor tage of the traditio na l approaches of informat ion collectio n. Therefor e, application of remot e sensing in the management of lar ge ir rigation distr icts has a br oad pr os2 pect.
Compared with t he tr aditional approaches of dat a collectio n, the techno lo gy of remo te sensing is an effectiv e too l to ob2 tain data in a quick, compr ehensive, real2t ime, and o bject ive fashion. In this paper, the irr igat ion manag ement info rmation re2 quirements, curr ent dat a collectio n status, and applicatio n of r emote sensing techno log y w ere analyzed. The remote sensing tech2 nolog y w as applied in the applicatio n of ir rig atio n management system of Hetao Ir rigatio n Distr ict. The applicatio ns included: ca2 nal data ex traction using the suppor t v ect or machines classificat ion metho ds; cr op str ucture identificatio n using the suppo rt vec2 to r machines classification methods based o n the multi2tempora l r emote sensing images; data ex tr act ion of actual irrigated ar ea based on the v ariat ions of per pendicular droug ht index before and after irr igat ion and g r ound surv ey lo cat ions t o realize the mo2 nito ring of irr igat ion prog ress. T he r esults show ed that remo te sensing can cover the shor tage of the traditio na l approaches of informat ion collectio n. Therefor e, application of remot e sensing in the management of lar ge ir rigation distr icts has a br oad pr os2 pect.
SONG Wen- long
,
ZH ANG Rong-hua
,
GAO Yun-fei
,
LU Jing-x uan
,
YANG Sheng-tian
,
QU Wei
,
ZH AO Dong-jie
2014, 12(5):170-174.
Abstract:
Calculatio n of soil ero sion intensity classification based o n field survey , remo te sensing informat ion, and soil erosio n model is an impor tant method to mo nitor and analy ze the long2term reg ional so il erosio n. In this paper , Jingbian Count y of Shaanx i Pr ov ince located in the hilly and g ully reg io n of no rthwest loess plat eau and H eng x ian County o f Guang x i Pr ovince lo2 cated in the so uthw est mo untainous reg ion o f China wer e selected as the study area. Based on f ield inv estig ation and remot e sensing data, r eg io nal so il ero sion quantit y in a 30 m pixel scale was calculated using the CSLE mo del. Soil erosio n intensity clas2 sificat ion index es ( thr ee facto rs method) of the Minist ry o f Water Resources w ere used to classify the so il ero sion intensity in the study area. The results showed that the results obtained fr om the CSLE model ar e better than tho se fr om the three factor s met ho d; compa red w ith r esults f rom t he three factor s method and the seco nd natio nal so il erosion remo te sensing survey pro2 g ram, areas of ex tremely intense so il er osio n and sev ere soil ero sion from the CSLE mo del method account for a lar ger propor2 tion Applicat ion soil ero sion model to monito r and analyze the var iatio n of each index can benefit the lo ng2term monito ring of so il erosio n and pr ov ide r easo nable ex planatio n; how ev er, facto r v alue assig nment can have a gr eat impact o n the model results
Calculatio n of soil ero sion intensity classification based o n field survey , remo te sensing informat ion, and soil erosio n model is an impor tant method to mo nitor and analy ze the long2term reg ional so il erosio n. In this paper , Jingbian Count y of Shaanx i Pr ov ince located in the hilly and g ully reg io n of no rthwest loess plat eau and H eng x ian County o f Guang x i Pr ovince lo2 cated in the so uthw est mo untainous reg ion o f China wer e selected as the study area. Based on f ield inv estig ation and remot e sensing data, r eg io nal so il ero sion quantit y in a 30 m pixel scale was calculated using the CSLE mo del. Soil erosio n intensity clas2 sificat ion index es ( thr ee facto rs method) of the Minist ry o f Water Resources w ere used to classify the so il ero sion intensity in the study area. The results showed that the results obtained fr om the CSLE model ar e better than tho se fr om the three factor s met ho d; compa red w ith r esults f rom t he three factor s method and the seco nd natio nal so il erosion remo te sensing survey pro2 g ram, areas of ex tremely intense so il er osio n and sev ere soil ero sion from the CSLE mo del method account for a lar ger propor2 tion Applicat ion soil ero sion model to monito r and analyze the var iatio n of each index can benefit the lo ng2term monito ring of so il erosio n and pr ov ide r easo nable ex planatio n; how ev er, facto r v alue assig nment can have a gr eat impact o n the model results
2014, 12(5):175-178.
Abstract:
T he AquaCro p model, based on t he mechanism o f cr op g rowth pr ocess, was intro duced to develop the quantitativ e rela2 tionship betw een cro p environmental facto rs( w eather, so il mo isture, etc) and cr op yields, and t hen to construct a quantitat ive e2 v aluatio n model o f the agr icultural dr ought losses. The model w as a pplied to calculate the ag r icultural dr ought losses o f seaso n rice in Zhanyi County o f Qujing City in Yunnan Prov ince. The results showed that the AquaCro p mo del can assess the agr icul2 tur al droug ht losses objectiv ely and pr ov ide data suppor t for dr ought r isk analysis.
T he AquaCro p model, based on t he mechanism o f cr op g rowth pr ocess, was intro duced to develop the quantitativ e rela2 tionship betw een cro p environmental facto rs( w eather, so il mo isture, etc) and cr op yields, and t hen to construct a quantitat ive e2 v aluatio n model o f the agr icultural dr ought losses. The model w as a pplied to calculate the ag r icultural dr ought losses o f seaso n rice in Zhanyi County o f Qujing City in Yunnan Prov ince. The results showed that the AquaCro p mo del can assess the agr icul2 tur al droug ht losses objectiv ely and pr ov ide data suppor t for dr ought r isk analysis.
2014, 12(5):179-182.
Abstract:
The cur rent dam war ning diag nosis met ho ds hav e t he disadvantag es in the info rmation pro cessing and r esult pr esenta2 tion. In this paper , a blind diagnosis ana lysis method for the early war ning o f dam w as pro po sed based on the blind number theo2 r y. First, the w arning status reflected by w arning factor s was described in the blind number fo rm. Seco nd, the index w eig ht of each factor was determined by the AHP met ho d, and thus the war ning status o f each war ning factor can be calculated and ana2 lyzed using the blind number calculat ion algo rithm. Finally , the results o f each w arning factor w ere per formed no rmalizat ion pro2 cessing to o bta in the dam compr ehensive w arning in the blind number form. Based on the mo nitor ing data of Tanghe reserv oir, this met ho d can pr ov ide a blind diagnosis to the ea rly w arning o f reserv oir dam w ith g ood effect s.
The cur rent dam war ning diag nosis met ho ds hav e t he disadvantag es in the info rmation pro cessing and r esult pr esenta2 tion. In this paper , a blind diagnosis ana lysis method for the early war ning o f dam w as pro po sed based on the blind number theo2 r y. First, the w arning status reflected by w arning factor s was described in the blind number fo rm. Seco nd, the index w eig ht of each factor was determined by the AHP met ho d, and thus the war ning status o f each war ning factor can be calculated and ana2 lyzed using the blind number calculat ion algo rithm. Finally , the results o f each w arning factor w ere per formed no rmalizat ion pro2 cessing to o bta in the dam compr ehensive w arning in the blind number form. Based on the mo nitor ing data of Tanghe reserv oir, this met ho d can pr ov ide a blind diagnosis to the ea rly w arning o f reserv oir dam w ith g ood effect s.
2014, 12(5):183-186.
Abstract:
During the next Natio nal Tw elfth Fiv e2Year Plan per iod, mo re and more w ater conser vancy projects w ill be implemen2 ted using the ag ent co nstr uction mo de. The r esea rch o f t he management per formance ev aluatio n mo del fo r w ater conser vancy a2 g ent co nstr uction pr oject has theoret ic and practical significance. Acco rding to the char acter istics of w ater conserv ancy pr oject, a co nceptua l model o f manag ement perfo rmance w as established, including agent co nstr uctio n structure and agent constr uctio n co nduct. A three2dimensio nal manag ement per formance ev aluatio n model of water co nserv ancy ag ent construction pr oject w as co nstr ucted based o n the SCP ( Structur e2Co nduct2Perfo rmance) analysis paradigm. Thr ough lit erature rev iew and questionnair e surv ey, the ev aluatio n dimension w as r efined. Finally , a compr ehensive and pr actical per formance ev aluatio n index sy stem w as developed, which consisted o f 13 first g rade, 27 second g rade, and 33 third g r ade index es.
During the next Natio nal Tw elfth Fiv e2Year Plan per iod, mo re and more w ater conser vancy projects w ill be implemen2 ted using the ag ent co nstr uction mo de. The r esea rch o f t he management per formance ev aluatio n mo del fo r w ater conser vancy a2 g ent co nstr uction pr oject has theoret ic and practical significance. Acco rding to the char acter istics of w ater conserv ancy pr oject, a co nceptua l model o f manag ement perfo rmance w as established, including agent co nstr uctio n structure and agent constr uctio n co nduct. A three2dimensio nal manag ement per formance ev aluatio n model of water co nserv ancy ag ent construction pr oject w as co nstr ucted based o n the SCP ( Structur e2Co nduct2Perfo rmance) analysis paradigm. Thr ough lit erature rev iew and questionnair e surv ey, the ev aluatio n dimension w as r efined. Finally , a compr ehensive and pr actical per formance ev aluatio n index sy stem w as developed, which consisted o f 13 first g rade, 27 second g rade, and 33 third g r ade index es.
2014, 12(5):187-189.
Abstract:
After the flo od in 2012, the crest elevations of some dams cannot meet the design standards in the Biliuhe River of Dalian; ther efor e it is necessary to r ebuild these dams. Calculation of dike levee fr eeboar d is the premise of the determination of dike crest elev atio n, and calculation of wave run2up is the pr em ise of the determinatio n of lev ee freeboar d. Acco rding to the char2 acter istics of w ind field elements o f the dike and Jinshao Br idge t o the mo ut h of Biliuhe Reservo ir in Da lian, the SMB method formula and Putian ex per iment stat ion formula w ere selected to calculat e the wav e r un2up and lev ee fr eeboa rd. The results wer e compar ed w ith the actual eng ineering data in the r iver sectio n and design data o f inland r iver s in nort heast, the r eliability of the results obtained fr om the tw o methods w as ana lyzed, w hich can pr ov ide the basis for determinat ion of the dike cr est elevation.
After the flo od in 2012, the crest elevations of some dams cannot meet the design standards in the Biliuhe River of Dalian; ther efor e it is necessary to r ebuild these dams. Calculation of dike levee fr eeboar d is the premise of the determination of dike crest elev atio n, and calculation of wave run2up is the pr em ise of the determinatio n of lev ee freeboar d. Acco rding to the char2 acter istics of w ind field elements o f the dike and Jinshao Br idge t o the mo ut h of Biliuhe Reservo ir in Da lian, the SMB method formula and Putian ex per iment stat ion formula w ere selected to calculat e the wav e r un2up and lev ee fr eeboa rd. The results wer e compar ed w ith the actual eng ineering data in the r iver sectio n and design data o f inland r iver s in nort heast, the r eliability of the results obtained fr om the tw o methods w as ana lyzed, w hich can pr ov ide the basis for determinat ion of the dike cr est elevation.
2014, 12(5):190-192.
Abstract:
Deformatio n mo nitor ing and ea rly war ning analysis of the dam play a key ro le in the healthy operatio n of dam. H ow ev2 er , there ar e unavo idable random erro rs in the monito ring data. Kalman filter ing met ho d can eliminate the no ise fr om t he ob2 serv ed data effect ively; howev er, the predictio n o f the displacement trend o f the dam does not ag ree w ell w ith the actua l condi2 tions using this method. In this paper , Mar ko v chain2Kalman filter metho d w as pro posed, w hich can not only remov e the r andom erro r but a lso pr edict the displacement accur ately . Based o n the observed displacement data o f an ar ch dam in Zhejiang Pr ovince, the metho d show ed an accurate prediction of dam deformatio n. Therefo re, Mar kov chain2Kalman filter met ho d can be used in the pr ediction of ar ch dam defo rmatio n and security monit or ing .
Deformatio n mo nitor ing and ea rly war ning analysis of the dam play a key ro le in the healthy operatio n of dam. H ow ev2 er , there ar e unavo idable random erro rs in the monito ring data. Kalman filter ing met ho d can eliminate the no ise fr om t he ob2 serv ed data effect ively; howev er, the predictio n o f the displacement trend o f the dam does not ag ree w ell w ith the actua l condi2 tions using this method. In this paper , Mar ko v chain2Kalman filter metho d w as pro posed, w hich can not only remov e the r andom erro r but a lso pr edict the displacement accur ately . Based o n the observed displacement data o f an ar ch dam in Zhejiang Pr ovince, the metho d show ed an accurate prediction of dam deformatio n. Therefo re, Mar kov chain2Kalman filter met ho d can be used in the pr ediction of ar ch dam defo rmatio n and security monit or ing .
2014, 12(5):193-195.
Abstract:
In terms of the char acter istics of long r oute and smo oth terr ain of the Middle Route of the South2to2Nor th Water Transfer Pro ject, this paper pr oposed a method to ca lculate the heig ht anomaly and obtain the no rmal heig ht using the EGM2008 model. The leveling results w ere co nsidered as the tr ue values, the elevation fitting precision and er ro r in the elevatio n differ ence per kilometer w ere calculated, and the height fit ting precisio n based on the EGM2008 mo del and plane fitt ing method was evaluated. Accor ding to the eng ineering ex ample, it show ed that the no rmal heig ht results obtaining fr om the EGM2008 model can meet the demand o f fourth2g rade2leveling and the f itting pr ecision is bet ter than that obtained f rom the plane fitting met ho d. Thus, EGM2008 model can realize the integ ration of ho rizo ntal and vert ical contr ol sur vey in the Middle Route of the So ut h2to2Nort h Water T ransfer Pr oject.
In terms of the char acter istics of long r oute and smo oth terr ain of the Middle Route of the South2to2Nor th Water Transfer Pro ject, this paper pr oposed a method to ca lculate the heig ht anomaly and obtain the no rmal heig ht using the EGM2008 model. The leveling results w ere co nsidered as the tr ue values, the elevation fitting precision and er ro r in the elevatio n differ ence per kilometer w ere calculated, and the height fit ting precisio n based on the EGM2008 mo del and plane fitt ing method was evaluated. Accor ding to the eng ineering ex ample, it show ed that the no rmal heig ht results obtaining fr om the EGM2008 model can meet the demand o f fourth2g rade2leveling and the f itting pr ecision is bet ter than that obtained f rom the plane fitting met ho d. Thus, EGM2008 model can realize the integ ration of ho rizo ntal and vert ical contr ol sur vey in the Middle Route of the So ut h2to2Nort h Water T ransfer Pr oject.
2014, 12(5):196-198.
Abstract:
As fo r the calculat ion of fr ictio n head lo ss in the FRP pipe, based on the hydraulics principle, severa l fo rmulas wer e compar ed and the rationalit y of H azen2Williams formula w as demonstrated, and the r elevant parameters w ere modified. T he study adopted differ ent formulas t o calculate the water head loss in the case o f small2tr ough inverted siphon in Xinjiang. The re2 sults o f the com par ison betw een the calculated and observ ed head loss sug gested that: ( 1) H azen2Williams formula can be used in the fr ictio n head loss calculatio n in the FRP pipe w ith diameter less than 2 000 mm, and the fr ictio nal coefficient needs to be modified; and ( 2) the combinat ion of JiEn fo rmula and Darcy fo rmula can be used in the friction head loss calculat ion in the FRP pipe w ith diameter larg er than 2 000 mm.
As fo r the calculat ion of fr ictio n head lo ss in the FRP pipe, based on the hydraulics principle, severa l fo rmulas wer e compar ed and the rationalit y of H azen2Williams formula w as demonstrated, and the r elevant parameters w ere modified. T he study adopted differ ent formulas t o calculate the water head loss in the case o f small2tr ough inverted siphon in Xinjiang. The re2 sults o f the com par ison betw een the calculated and observ ed head loss sug gested that: ( 1) H azen2Williams formula can be used in the fr ictio n head loss calculatio n in the FRP pipe w ith diameter less than 2 000 mm, and the fr ictio nal coefficient needs to be modified; and ( 2) the combinat ion of JiEn fo rmula and Darcy fo rmula can be used in the friction head loss calculat ion in the FRP pipe w ith diameter larg er than 2 000 mm.
2014, 12(5):199-201.
Abstract:
T hr ough the ener g y sav ing analysis of the cooling tow ers and the research o f the surplus energ y of the cir culating cool2 ing w ater, a low specific speed mixed2flow turbine has been developed in t his paper . The instability o f the circulating coo ling w a2 ter in the co oling tower may cause the problems o f insufficient o r ex cessiv e output power fr om the tur bine. The electr ic mot or matching with the micr o2turbine w as selected as the standby power source, and co nnected with the micr o2turbine thr ough the automatic clutch device. M eanw hile, the bypass valve w as installed on the wat er pipe. I n or der to meet t he needs of cooling tow er fan and to achieve the purpose o f energ y saving , the electr ic mo tor and bypass v alv e w ere co ntro lled by the intellig ent contr oller to adjust the o per ation mo de of elect ric mot or and turbine.
T hr ough the ener g y sav ing analysis of the cooling tow ers and the research o f the surplus energ y of the cir culating cool2 ing w ater, a low specific speed mixed2flow turbine has been developed in t his paper . The instability o f the circulating coo ling w a2 ter in the co oling tower may cause the problems o f insufficient o r ex cessiv e output power fr om the tur bine. The electr ic mot or matching with the micr o2turbine w as selected as the standby power source, and co nnected with the micr o2turbine thr ough the automatic clutch device. M eanw hile, the bypass valve w as installed on the wat er pipe. I n or der to meet t he needs of cooling tow er fan and to achieve the purpose o f energ y saving , the electr ic mo tor and bypass v alv e w ere co ntro lled by the intellig ent contr oller to adjust the o per ation mo de of elect ric mot or and turbine.
2014, 12(5):202-206.
Abstract:
Basis o n the survey data of 16 small w atersheds in the T aihang Mounta in, an evaluation index sy stem of soil and w ater co nser vatio n com pr ehensive management was develo ped. T he AH P method was used to ev aluate the manag ement benefits and TOPSIS met ho d w as used to ver ify the ev aluatio n r esults. The r esult s indicated that the compr ehensive manag ement benefit is ex cellent in 7 w atersheds, goo d in 8 w atersheds, and medium in 1 wat er shed amo ng a tot al of 16 w at ersheds. In additio n, the ar ea pr opor tion of land2use ty pe and its allo cat ion method hav e considerable impacts on the benefit ev aluatio n results, so the a rea pro2 por tio n of pro tect ion fo rest sho uld be increased, fencing pr otectio n measur es sho uld be techno lo gically improv ed, and t he method of fencing protection w ith affor estat ion is promo ted. The linear r eg r essio n R2 v alue betw een the AHP ev aluatio n scor es and TOPSIS evaluatio n sco res reached to 0. 9124.
Basis o n the survey data of 16 small w atersheds in the T aihang Mounta in, an evaluation index sy stem of soil and w ater co nser vatio n com pr ehensive management was develo ped. T he AH P method was used to ev aluate the manag ement benefits and TOPSIS met ho d w as used to ver ify the ev aluatio n r esults. The r esult s indicated that the compr ehensive manag ement benefit is ex cellent in 7 w atersheds, goo d in 8 w atersheds, and medium in 1 wat er shed amo ng a tot al of 16 w at ersheds. In additio n, the ar ea pr opor tion of land2use ty pe and its allo cat ion method hav e considerable impacts on the benefit ev aluatio n results, so the a rea pro2 por tio n of pro tect ion fo rest sho uld be increased, fencing pr otectio n measur es sho uld be techno lo gically improv ed, and t he method of fencing protection w ith affor estat ion is promo ted. The linear r eg r essio n R2 v alue betw een the AHP ev aluatio n scor es and TOPSIS evaluatio n sco res reached to 0. 9124.
2014, 12(5):207-209.
Abstract:
The flow channel of low lift pum p statio n has g reat impacts on the hydraulic perfo rmance o f the pum p. The pro tot ype pump ado pts the concr ete flow passag e, w hich is quite different from the steel f low passag e o f the mo del pump.We checked 20 cr oss sect ions of the inlet and outlet flow channel and 4 lo ng itudinal pr ofiles o f inlet flow channel w it h laser to tal statio n instru2 ment in the Pizhou pump station. The deviation of t he ty pe line in the actual co nstr uctio n was o btained after the act ual testing data w ere compared w ith the desig n requirements. On the basis, the impacts of co ncr ete f low passag e o n the hy dr aulic perform2 ance of pump wer e analyzed. I n consider atio n of the ir reg ularity cha racterist ics o f the ty pe line of the flow passag e in the proto2 ty pe pump, the co ncr ete co nstr uction qualit y of the Pizhou pump statio n w as summarized, and the sug gestions o f deviation con2 tr ol of flow passage w ere pro po sed, w hich can pro vide reference for the contr ol of concrete flow passage in the pump station.
The flow channel of low lift pum p statio n has g reat impacts on the hydraulic perfo rmance o f the pum p. The pro tot ype pump ado pts the concr ete flow passag e, w hich is quite different from the steel f low passag e o f the mo del pump.We checked 20 cr oss sect ions of the inlet and outlet flow channel and 4 lo ng itudinal pr ofiles o f inlet flow channel w it h laser to tal statio n instru2 ment in the Pizhou pump station. The deviation of t he ty pe line in the actual co nstr uctio n was o btained after the act ual testing data w ere compared w ith the desig n requirements. On the basis, the impacts of co ncr ete f low passag e o n the hy dr aulic perform2 ance of pump wer e analyzed. I n consider atio n of the ir reg ularity cha racterist ics o f the ty pe line of the flow passag e in the proto2 ty pe pump, the co ncr ete co nstr uction qualit y of the Pizhou pump statio n w as summarized, and the sug gestions o f deviation con2 tr ol of flow passage w ere pro po sed, w hich can pro vide reference for the contr ol of concrete flow passage in the pump station.
2014, 12(5):210-213.
Abstract:
Elbow inlet conduit is w idely used in the vertica l pump system of the larg e and medium size pumping stations. H ow ev2 er , there ar e st ill some problems in the engineering practice of hy dr aulic desig n for the conduit. Contr ol sizes o f the elbow inlet co nduit of 14 new ly2built lar ge pumping stations in the first phase of easter n route o f South2to2No rth Water Diver sion Pr oject wer e analyzed, and the basic rules o f the co ntr ol size r ang e wer e obtained. It is sugg ested to conduct the standar dizatio n desig n for the elbow inlet co nduit using the CFD method based on the t heo ry of o pt imal hy dr aulic design fo r the larg e pump system, and to apply the model test to v erif y the r esult s. Finally , accor ding t o an ex am ple o f the optimum hy dr aulic desig n fo r the elbow inlet conduit , the pr eliminary assumpt ion on the requir ements fo r the standardizatio n o f elbow inlet conduit was pro po sed.
Elbow inlet conduit is w idely used in the vertica l pump system of the larg e and medium size pumping stations. H ow ev2 er , there ar e st ill some problems in the engineering practice of hy dr aulic desig n for the conduit. Contr ol sizes o f the elbow inlet co nduit of 14 new ly2built lar ge pumping stations in the first phase of easter n route o f South2to2No rth Water Diver sion Pr oject wer e analyzed, and the basic rules o f the co ntr ol size r ang e wer e obtained. It is sugg ested to conduct the standar dizatio n desig n for the elbow inlet co nduit using the CFD method based on the t heo ry of o pt imal hy dr aulic design fo r the larg e pump system, and to apply the model test to v erif y the r esult s. Finally , accor ding t o an ex am ple o f the optimum hy dr aulic desig n fo r the elbow inlet conduit , the pr eliminary assumpt ion on the requir ements fo r the standardizatio n o f elbow inlet conduit was pro po sed.
2014, 12(5):214-216.
Abstract:
Gr ound penetr ating r adar method has the characterist ics of high r eso lutio n and rapid detection speed w hen detecting shallow objects. Based o n the difference o f the dielectric constant betw een t he enro ckment and its adjacent lay ers, the thickness of the rubble enr ockment of sha llow w aters is measured using the gr ound penetrat ing radar method in this paper, and the meas2 urement accur acy of the r esults w as ver ified. The r esult s showed that t he gr ound penet rating radar method can easily identify the to p ripped body and the bottom interface of the enrockment, w hich has high measur ement accuracy.
Gr ound penetr ating r adar method has the characterist ics of high r eso lutio n and rapid detection speed w hen detecting shallow objects. Based o n the difference o f the dielectric constant betw een t he enro ckment and its adjacent lay ers, the thickness of the rubble enr ockment of sha llow w aters is measured using the gr ound penetrat ing radar method in this paper, and the meas2 urement accur acy of the r esults w as ver ified. The r esult s showed that t he gr ound penet rating radar method can easily identify the to p ripped body and the bottom interface of the enrockment, w hich has high measur ement accuracy.
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