Volume 14,Issue 5,2016 Table of Contents
2016, 14(5):1-6.
Abstract:
Based on systematical analysis of water resources, a long series dynamic simulation model of water resources supply-demand balance was developed, which targets at multiple levels, multiple water resources, and multiple users. The model mainly consisted of four parts: data management, supply and demand balance calculation, planning adjustment and statistical analysis of the results. Its control equations included the water balance equation, the water supply and demand balance equation, the boundary condition equation, the initial condition and the special kind of equation. The scheduling rules of the model included the water supply dispatching rule and the water supply dispatching rule. Compared with the traditional supply and demand analysis model, the model had the ability to design new engineering capacity in the area of water shortage. The model was then applied to long-term water supply-demand planning of Qinghai Province. The application results showed that the calculation of a series of indicators achieved by this model in water resource supply-demand balance analysis including available water supply, water supply guarantee rate, development of water resources, water supply capacity, water surplus and deficiency, the automatic planning of newly added project capacity, could be used as a scientific and effective decision-making tool of the water resources management department.
Based on systematical analysis of water resources, a long series dynamic simulation model of water resources supply-demand balance was developed, which targets at multiple levels, multiple water resources, and multiple users. The model mainly consisted of four parts: data management, supply and demand balance calculation, planning adjustment and statistical analysis of the results. Its control equations included the water balance equation, the water supply and demand balance equation, the boundary condition equation, the initial condition and the special kind of equation. The scheduling rules of the model included the water supply dispatching rule and the water supply dispatching rule. Compared with the traditional supply and demand analysis model, the model had the ability to design new engineering capacity in the area of water shortage. The model was then applied to long-term water supply-demand planning of Qinghai Province. The application results showed that the calculation of a series of indicators achieved by this model in water resource supply-demand balance analysis including available water supply, water supply guarantee rate, development of water resources, water supply capacity, water surplus and deficiency, the automatic planning of newly added project capacity, could be used as a scientific and effective decision-making tool of the water resources management department.
2016, 14(5):7-12.
Abstract:
Climate change can cause non-stationarity in hydrological series, bringing more challenges to hydrological prediction. Taking Shule rive as a case, this paper explores a new long-term runoff prediction model under non-stationarity. Based on runoff recharge sources and climate change in upper reaches of the river, this paper first analyzes the trend term and periodic term of the runoff series, and then builds a multiple regression model based on hydro-climatic teleconnection analysis to predict the stochastic term. The issued model couples auto-correlation model and hydro-climatic teleconnection model by merging the three terms together, and yields ultimate prediction runoff values. Prediction results of the teleconnection based model, the time series model, and the coupling model, are compared. It is shown that the coupling model has the highest precision and provides the most efficient results. Meanwhile, it can capture the nonstationary trend of streamflow.
Climate change can cause non-stationarity in hydrological series, bringing more challenges to hydrological prediction. Taking Shule rive as a case, this paper explores a new long-term runoff prediction model under non-stationarity. Based on runoff recharge sources and climate change in upper reaches of the river, this paper first analyzes the trend term and periodic term of the runoff series, and then builds a multiple regression model based on hydro-climatic teleconnection analysis to predict the stochastic term. The issued model couples auto-correlation model and hydro-climatic teleconnection model by merging the three terms together, and yields ultimate prediction runoff values. Prediction results of the teleconnection based model, the time series model, and the coupling model, are compared. It is shown that the coupling model has the highest precision and provides the most efficient results. Meanwhile, it can capture the nonstationary trend of streamflow.
2016, 14(5):13-17.
Abstract:
Targeting at certain problems of the traditional model integration method and Model interface such as difficult to be standardized, the EU Water Framework Committee provides an open interface standard model (Open Modeling Interface), through this interface standard, the model can be run in parallel and share information for each time step. It has certain advantages in the exchange mechanism and model data link. This paper mainly analyzed the working principle and core technology of OpenMI, and described the OpenMI technology in model integration. It was pointed out that there are still problems in OpenMI technology such as failure to support distributed model integration and lack of visual interface and human computer interaction. Besides, there is still a lot of room for development in the research on the mechanism of data request response and the mechanism of fault tolerance and interrupt handling in the model.
Targeting at certain problems of the traditional model integration method and Model interface such as difficult to be standardized, the EU Water Framework Committee provides an open interface standard model (Open Modeling Interface), through this interface standard, the model can be run in parallel and share information for each time step. It has certain advantages in the exchange mechanism and model data link. This paper mainly analyzed the working principle and core technology of OpenMI, and described the OpenMI technology in model integration. It was pointed out that there are still problems in OpenMI technology such as failure to support distributed model integration and lack of visual interface and human computer interaction. Besides, there is still a lot of room for development in the research on the mechanism of data request response and the mechanism of fault tolerance and interrupt handling in the model.
2016, 14(5):18-25.
Abstract:
A Synchronous-asynchronous encounter risk management model of rich-poor runoff and pr-ecipitation in the upper, middle and lower reaches of Dongjiang river basin was developed using a combined approach based on the copula function and Bayes-net works and the interrelation of runoff and precipitation among different three stations were intuitively described. Based on the Copula function, the joint distribution model was established to calculate the risk probability of the diversion adverse situation of Synchronous-asynchronous encounter. On the basis of a posterior knowledge input, the Backward reasoning function of Bayes-net was utilized to conduct simulation calculation of the potential Synchronous-asynchronous encounter states in some certain situations which may happen in the fututr. The result showrf that the change of a node probability value in the system would have a big impact on the others, on the premise that the rainfall shortage situation appeared in the upper and middle reaches, the risk probability of water transfer disadvantages, which increased to more than 55%; At last, the result of the simulating calculation would provide theoretical support to formulate the water transfer scheme in river basin.
A Synchronous-asynchronous encounter risk management model of rich-poor runoff and pr-ecipitation in the upper, middle and lower reaches of Dongjiang river basin was developed using a combined approach based on the copula function and Bayes-net works and the interrelation of runoff and precipitation among different three stations were intuitively described. Based on the Copula function, the joint distribution model was established to calculate the risk probability of the diversion adverse situation of Synchronous-asynchronous encounter. On the basis of a posterior knowledge input, the Backward reasoning function of Bayes-net was utilized to conduct simulation calculation of the potential Synchronous-asynchronous encounter states in some certain situations which may happen in the fututr. The result showrf that the change of a node probability value in the system would have a big impact on the others, on the premise that the rainfall shortage situation appeared in the upper and middle reaches, the risk probability of water transfer disadvantages, which increased to more than 55%; At last, the result of the simulating calculation would provide theoretical support to formulate the water transfer scheme in river basin.
2016, 14(5):26-31.
Abstract:
As an important component of runoff, base flow has great significance in the maintenance of the sound ecosystems of the rivers. Base on the monthly runoff data from 1954 to 2011 in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, the digital filter method was used for the base flow separation, together with the traditional methods of minimum monthly average flow rate in the last 10 years and the 90% guarantee rate of the minimum average flow. The inner-annual, inter-annual and decadal variations in base flow and base flow index were investigated by means of Mann-Kendall test, Pettitt test and cumulative departure curve methods. The results showed that the digital filter method could give a satisfactory result of base flow separation over the study area. The inner-annual base flow index increased first and then decreased and had a big degree of variability. In the inter-annual variations, the trends of the base flow were consistent with those of the runoff, and the degree of discretization of the base flow was relatively low. Although the base flow had a rising trend, the change was relatively mild, and relatively stable. A significant change point was found for the base flow time series in 1979, and the average base flow after the change point increased by 16% compared with the former period. In the decadal scales, the contribution of the base flow to the runoff was not variable, with the decadal base flow index approaching 0.27.
As an important component of runoff, base flow has great significance in the maintenance of the sound ecosystems of the rivers. Base on the monthly runoff data from 1954 to 2011 in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, the digital filter method was used for the base flow separation, together with the traditional methods of minimum monthly average flow rate in the last 10 years and the 90% guarantee rate of the minimum average flow. The inner-annual, inter-annual and decadal variations in base flow and base flow index were investigated by means of Mann-Kendall test, Pettitt test and cumulative departure curve methods. The results showed that the digital filter method could give a satisfactory result of base flow separation over the study area. The inner-annual base flow index increased first and then decreased and had a big degree of variability. In the inter-annual variations, the trends of the base flow were consistent with those of the runoff, and the degree of discretization of the base flow was relatively low. Although the base flow had a rising trend, the change was relatively mild, and relatively stable. A significant change point was found for the base flow time series in 1979, and the average base flow after the change point increased by 16% compared with the former period. In the decadal scales, the contribution of the base flow to the runoff was not variable, with the decadal base flow index approaching 0.27.
2016, 14(5):32-40.
Abstract:
In the Huaihe watershed, unreasonable land use is one of the important factors that lead to soil erosion. It’s the important premise to explore the land use change under the hydrological response in terms of carrying out the work of soil and water conservation. In this study, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was established with the upper Huaihe River basin upstream of the WangJiaBa hydrologic controlling station as the study area. Firstly, the applicability of the model was verified. Then the optimal land use scenario was constructed by farmland suitability evaluation. Finally, the hydrological responses to the optimal land use scenario, ecological protection situation and the land use in 2000 were analyzed using the SWAT model. The results showed that hydrological response changes of ecological protection situation were very small. Based on the optimal land use scenario of land suitability evaluation, 41.29% of the farmland was turned into forest land. As a result, compared with the land use in 2000, the annual surface runoff and sediment yield were decreased, ground water was increased. Monthly surface runoff and sediment yield were decreased, and monthly ground water was increased. However annual and monthly evaporation changed slightly. The study revealed that in the condition of optimal land use, the ability of soil and water conservation was stronger, and it was more obvious in flood season.
In the Huaihe watershed, unreasonable land use is one of the important factors that lead to soil erosion. It’s the important premise to explore the land use change under the hydrological response in terms of carrying out the work of soil and water conservation. In this study, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was established with the upper Huaihe River basin upstream of the WangJiaBa hydrologic controlling station as the study area. Firstly, the applicability of the model was verified. Then the optimal land use scenario was constructed by farmland suitability evaluation. Finally, the hydrological responses to the optimal land use scenario, ecological protection situation and the land use in 2000 were analyzed using the SWAT model. The results showed that hydrological response changes of ecological protection situation were very small. Based on the optimal land use scenario of land suitability evaluation, 41.29% of the farmland was turned into forest land. As a result, compared with the land use in 2000, the annual surface runoff and sediment yield were decreased, ground water was increased. Monthly surface runoff and sediment yield were decreased, and monthly ground water was increased. However annual and monthly evaporation changed slightly. The study revealed that in the condition of optimal land use, the ability of soil and water conservation was stronger, and it was more obvious in flood season.
2016, 14(5):41-48.
Abstract:
Accurate prediction of future inflow change into Poyang Lake can provide theoretical basis for the decision-making of water resources allocation during the post-Three Gorges Project period. Based on the analysis of observed discharge data, this paper found that after the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003, the inflows into the Poyang Lake of annual total and four scheduling periods have uniformly reduced in different degrees. Seven future inflow hydrographs of five major rivers of Poyang Lake Basin were obtained through the coupling of GCM (General Circulation Model) output data and Xin-An-Jiang hydrological model with the ASD (Automated Statistical Downscaling) statistical downscaling method. The results showed that compared to the observed change, the future change of annual total inflow into the Poyang Lake would be smaller, still showing alternating variations of positive and negative patterns; those tributaries with larger drainage areas i.e., Gan River, Fu River and Xin River, would make more contribution to the total inflow change; under both A2 and B2 scenarios, the change rates of impoundment period compared would be greater than that of any other scheduling period while that of day period would be smaller, and the change rate of each period would be greater than that of total inflow.
Accurate prediction of future inflow change into Poyang Lake can provide theoretical basis for the decision-making of water resources allocation during the post-Three Gorges Project period. Based on the analysis of observed discharge data, this paper found that after the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003, the inflows into the Poyang Lake of annual total and four scheduling periods have uniformly reduced in different degrees. Seven future inflow hydrographs of five major rivers of Poyang Lake Basin were obtained through the coupling of GCM (General Circulation Model) output data and Xin-An-Jiang hydrological model with the ASD (Automated Statistical Downscaling) statistical downscaling method. The results showed that compared to the observed change, the future change of annual total inflow into the Poyang Lake would be smaller, still showing alternating variations of positive and negative patterns; those tributaries with larger drainage areas i.e., Gan River, Fu River and Xin River, would make more contribution to the total inflow change; under both A2 and B2 scenarios, the change rates of impoundment period compared would be greater than that of any other scheduling period while that of day period would be smaller, and the change rate of each period would be greater than that of total inflow.
2016, 14(5):49-54.
Abstract:
Abstract: The land use change caused by the urbanization in Xi’an will affect the rainfall- runoff. In order to explore the effect, in this paper with the help of ARCGIS spatial analysis tools, SCS model was applied to study the rainfall-runoff process of the main city in Xi’an. The results showed that the high value area in CN value was gradually expanding. At the same antecedent soil moisture degree , runoff increased with increasing rainfall. According to processing of land use data of 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2010, matrix of land use for the three periods was obtained. It could be concluded that the area of urban construction land which has the strong ability in runoff gradually expanded. In contrast, the area of farmland and woodland gradually decreased. The rapid development of urbanization led to the changes in land use types, which caused runoff increase in the main city of Xi'an.
Abstract: The land use change caused by the urbanization in Xi’an will affect the rainfall- runoff. In order to explore the effect, in this paper with the help of ARCGIS spatial analysis tools, SCS model was applied to study the rainfall-runoff process of the main city in Xi’an. The results showed that the high value area in CN value was gradually expanding. At the same antecedent soil moisture degree , runoff increased with increasing rainfall. According to processing of land use data of 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2010, matrix of land use for the three periods was obtained. It could be concluded that the area of urban construction land which has the strong ability in runoff gradually expanded. In contrast, the area of farmland and woodland gradually decreased. The rapid development of urbanization led to the changes in land use types, which caused runoff increase in the main city of Xi'an.
9 Evaluation of total factor allocation scheme of regional water resources based on the variable set
2016, 14(5):55-61.
Abstract:
The water resources allocation based on water quantity has some problems, for example, selecting single index, weight of the evaluation results, neglecting the potential effect of water quality and lack of water quality controlling program. So, this paper cnstructed the index system of water resources allocation including water resources, social economy and ecological environment; The configuration scheme set was obtained by the combination of water quantity and water quality; The evaluation model was structured by variable set in order to take into account the fuzzy variation of each factor. This paper used the interval optimization method to divide the leading indicators into five levels and construct the sequence of each indicators, and evaluate the water resources allocating scheme at Zoucheng city in 2030.The results showed that the level of water resources allocating scheme in Zoucheng city was [2.5,3.5]. The sustainable utilization level of water resources was between good and pass，and the evaluation proved the significant applicability of the model.
The water resources allocation based on water quantity has some problems, for example, selecting single index, weight of the evaluation results, neglecting the potential effect of water quality and lack of water quality controlling program. So, this paper cnstructed the index system of water resources allocation including water resources, social economy and ecological environment; The configuration scheme set was obtained by the combination of water quantity and water quality; The evaluation model was structured by variable set in order to take into account the fuzzy variation of each factor. This paper used the interval optimization method to divide the leading indicators into five levels and construct the sequence of each indicators, and evaluate the water resources allocating scheme at Zoucheng city in 2030.The results showed that the level of water resources allocating scheme in Zoucheng city was [2.5,3.5]. The sustainable utilization level of water resources was between good and pass，and the evaluation proved the significant applicability of the model.
2016, 14(5):62-70.
Abstract:
Aiming at the competitively impounding contradiction of Three Gorges-Jinsha River lower reach cascade reservoirs in flood recession period, taking Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Three Gorges, Gezhouba cascade reservoir group system as research object, scenario sets were established with different hydrological year types, beginning impounding times and beginning water levels; taking maximum expected generated energy as target, multi objective stochastic optimal joint operation model was built for water impounding period, and optimal scheme of each impoundment scenario was generated; considering the flood risk and the benefit, on the basis of fill storage rate, cascade expected surplus water and cascade expected power output, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 11, Three Gorges reservoir on September 10 in high flow years, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 11, Three Gorges reservoir on September 1 in mean flow years, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 1, Three Gorges reservoir on August 21 in low flow years,.
Aiming at the competitively impounding contradiction of Three Gorges-Jinsha River lower reach cascade reservoirs in flood recession period, taking Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Three Gorges, Gezhouba cascade reservoir group system as research object, scenario sets were established with different hydrological year types, beginning impounding times and beginning water levels; taking maximum expected generated energy as target, multi objective stochastic optimal joint operation model was built for water impounding period, and optimal scheme of each impoundment scenario was generated; considering the flood risk and the benefit, on the basis of fill storage rate, cascade expected surplus water and cascade expected power output, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 11, Three Gorges reservoir on September 10 in high flow years, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 11, Three Gorges reservoir on September 1 in mean flow years, Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir were recommended to begin impounding on September 1, Three Gorges reservoir on August 21 in low flow years,.
2016, 14(5):71-77.
Abstract:
Based on monthly runoff data (1956-2000) and typical fish survey data of 11 sections in 11 rivers on middle and upper reaches of the Huai River, four schemes of calculating minimum and appropriate environmental flow were established by velocity methods ( minimum, average and maximum options), minimum monthly runoff method and month-by-month frequency method. First, the Criterions of REF (ratio of environmental flow to stream flow) aimed at different characteristic hydrological years (wet, normal, dry and extraordinary dry) and hydrological seasons (dry and wet) were put forward on the basis of Tenant method. Then appropriate environmental flow schemes in different hydrological years and seasons were determined by comparing the conformance of velocity methods to the criterions of REF. The results showed that the rank of minimum and appropriate REFs was Wo River, Shaying River, Mainstream of Huai River, Pi River and Hongru River. The level of meeting the REF ranked in the order of Hongru River, Mainstream of Huai River, Pi River, Shaying River and Wo River. The lack of meeting the ecological water demand in Wo and Shaying rivers implied that the proportion of ecological water demand should be improved.
Based on monthly runoff data (1956-2000) and typical fish survey data of 11 sections in 11 rivers on middle and upper reaches of the Huai River, four schemes of calculating minimum and appropriate environmental flow were established by velocity methods ( minimum, average and maximum options), minimum monthly runoff method and month-by-month frequency method. First, the Criterions of REF (ratio of environmental flow to stream flow) aimed at different characteristic hydrological years (wet, normal, dry and extraordinary dry) and hydrological seasons (dry and wet) were put forward on the basis of Tenant method. Then appropriate environmental flow schemes in different hydrological years and seasons were determined by comparing the conformance of velocity methods to the criterions of REF. The results showed that the rank of minimum and appropriate REFs was Wo River, Shaying River, Mainstream of Huai River, Pi River and Hongru River. The level of meeting the REF ranked in the order of Hongru River, Mainstream of Huai River, Pi River, Shaying River and Wo River. The lack of meeting the ecological water demand in Wo and Shaying rivers implied that the proportion of ecological water demand should be improved.
2016, 14(5):78-82.
Abstract:
This work aimed to solve the irrationality of traditional TOPSIS, such as the strong subjective of weight calculation, the equal distance to the ideal point and the negative ideal point. The subjective weight and objective weight were combined by combining weights method based on Game Theory, "virtual negative ideal point" was defined to replace the traditional negative ideal point and used to improve formula to calculate the distance between each sample and the ideal point or negative ideal point. An improved TOPSIS method was built to optimize water quality sections. Based on the monitoring data of 9 water quality monitoring sections in Puyang River in 2012, water quality monitoring sections were optimized by the improved TOPSIS. As a result, the original 9 sections were optimized to 7 sections, which was proved to be scientific and effective by F test and t test method. Therefore, it will provide a great reference for layout of the environmental monitoring sites and section optimization.
This work aimed to solve the irrationality of traditional TOPSIS, such as the strong subjective of weight calculation, the equal distance to the ideal point and the negative ideal point. The subjective weight and objective weight were combined by combining weights method based on Game Theory, "virtual negative ideal point" was defined to replace the traditional negative ideal point and used to improve formula to calculate the distance between each sample and the ideal point or negative ideal point. An improved TOPSIS method was built to optimize water quality sections. Based on the monitoring data of 9 water quality monitoring sections in Puyang River in 2012, water quality monitoring sections were optimized by the improved TOPSIS. As a result, the original 9 sections were optimized to 7 sections, which was proved to be scientific and effective by F test and t test method. Therefore, it will provide a great reference for layout of the environmental monitoring sites and section optimization.
2016, 14(5):83-90.
Abstract:
Pollution control technology of water resource area along rivers is a research hot topic in the field of environment protection and drinking water security in China. In accordance with historical data and hydrogeological conditions in the study area, the numerical simulation method and MGO module model were applied to the study area based on the regional groundwater flow field and initial concentration of groundwater pollution. By means of global optimization algorithm-genetic algorithm, the best exploitation quantity and location of pumping wells were optimized to control the contaminant plume in the research area. In the two basic conditions of eliminating pollution sources and controlling pollution sources, the variation trend of pollutants in different observation wells was analyzed and the effectiveness of the hydraulic control technology was explored in order to provide technical support for ensuring water safety in water resource area along rivers.
Pollution control technology of water resource area along rivers is a research hot topic in the field of environment protection and drinking water security in China. In accordance with historical data and hydrogeological conditions in the study area, the numerical simulation method and MGO module model were applied to the study area based on the regional groundwater flow field and initial concentration of groundwater pollution. By means of global optimization algorithm-genetic algorithm, the best exploitation quantity and location of pumping wells were optimized to control the contaminant plume in the research area. In the two basic conditions of eliminating pollution sources and controlling pollution sources, the variation trend of pollutants in different observation wells was analyzed and the effectiveness of the hydraulic control technology was explored in order to provide technical support for ensuring water safety in water resource area along rivers.
2016, 14(5):91-95.
Abstract:
In order to improve the quality of river management, the river health assessment theory based on the existing study about river ecosystem health and scale division was put forward. Luan River was selected as the research area. Index system was established for its upstream, midstream and downstream, and the improved fuzzy matter-element model was adapted in the assessment of Luan River. The result showed that the upstream, midstream and downstream were all unhealthy to some extent, and Luan River, on the whole, belonged to the mild disease level, which wass consistent with the actual situation. Therefore, this method is reasonable and effective and can be applied in river health assessment in other areas.
In order to improve the quality of river management, the river health assessment theory based on the existing study about river ecosystem health and scale division was put forward. Luan River was selected as the research area. Index system was established for its upstream, midstream and downstream, and the improved fuzzy matter-element model was adapted in the assessment of Luan River. The result showed that the upstream, midstream and downstream were all unhealthy to some extent, and Luan River, on the whole, belonged to the mild disease level, which wass consistent with the actual situation. Therefore, this method is reasonable and effective and can be applied in river health assessment in other areas.
2016, 14(5):96-101.
Abstract:
Useful operation and flood control operation predominate the traditional reservoir operation, which usually ignores Eco-environmental problems and leads to the continuous deterioration of river Eco-hydrological systems. Comparing with the traditional researches which set hydropower stations’ utmost annual energy output and highest power guarantee rate as objective functions, this paper also introduced maximum Eco-guaranteed rate as an objective function to build a model of multipurpose reservoir ecological operation based on ecological flow range, and used NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm to optimize the model. This model was used to optimize the operation of Tianshengqiao-Ⅰreservoir’s inflow process in 1956～2008, and the results showed that: the operation scheme of utmost economic benefits would significantly change natural runoff process, and the operation scheme of combining both economic benefits and ecological purposes would have little impact on economic benefits while at the same time guarantee the ecosystem’s stability.
Useful operation and flood control operation predominate the traditional reservoir operation, which usually ignores Eco-environmental problems and leads to the continuous deterioration of river Eco-hydrological systems. Comparing with the traditional researches which set hydropower stations’ utmost annual energy output and highest power guarantee rate as objective functions, this paper also introduced maximum Eco-guaranteed rate as an objective function to build a model of multipurpose reservoir ecological operation based on ecological flow range, and used NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm to optimize the model. This model was used to optimize the operation of Tianshengqiao-Ⅰreservoir’s inflow process in 1956～2008, and the results showed that: the operation scheme of utmost economic benefits would significantly change natural runoff process, and the operation scheme of combining both economic benefits and ecological purposes would have little impact on economic benefits while at the same time guarantee the ecosystem’s stability.
2016, 14(5):102-105.
Abstract:
China is a country with water pollution accidents occurring frequently. Before full completion of the South-to-North Water Diversion project, we need to research the sudden water pollution accident that may occur in advance. Using the hydrodynamic software SMS, the flow state in open channel and the pollutants diffusion process were simulated when sudden water pollution occurred in a typical segment of the middle route main channel. Based on that, the emergency disposal effect with the use of setting the diversion dam and escape canal was analyzed. It provides technical support for channel management and pollution accident treatment.
China is a country with water pollution accidents occurring frequently. Before full completion of the South-to-North Water Diversion project, we need to research the sudden water pollution accident that may occur in advance. Using the hydrodynamic software SMS, the flow state in open channel and the pollutants diffusion process were simulated when sudden water pollution occurred in a typical segment of the middle route main channel. Based on that, the emergency disposal effect with the use of setting the diversion dam and escape canal was analyzed. It provides technical support for channel management and pollution accident treatment.
2016, 14(5):106-110.
Abstract:
This work investigated the influence of oxidation pretreatment on drying characteristics of dredged sediment, and the oxidants included ozone and Fenton’s reagent. The drying experiment was carried out using an infrared constant temperature drying oven. The results showed that pretreatment with ozone could obviously promote the infrared drying behavior of dredged sediment and its facilitation on water evaporation was gradually strengthened with the rise of temperature, and the maximum drying rate was improved significantly by over 9%~36%. Moreover, the constant drying phase was held for a relatively long time, which was 1.2~1.7 times that of without pretreatment. The rising and falling variation of the drying rate was obvious with the rise of temperature. Fenton’s reagent was applied to treat the sediment resulting in the increase of the drying rate, but it was not obviously useful to water evaporation. The maximum drying rate increased with the increase of dry basis moisture content. Electron microscope scanning results indicated that the sediment particles were distributed evenly after oxidation pretreatment, which was beneficial to evaporation.
This work investigated the influence of oxidation pretreatment on drying characteristics of dredged sediment, and the oxidants included ozone and Fenton’s reagent. The drying experiment was carried out using an infrared constant temperature drying oven. The results showed that pretreatment with ozone could obviously promote the infrared drying behavior of dredged sediment and its facilitation on water evaporation was gradually strengthened with the rise of temperature, and the maximum drying rate was improved significantly by over 9%~36%. Moreover, the constant drying phase was held for a relatively long time, which was 1.2~1.7 times that of without pretreatment. The rising and falling variation of the drying rate was obvious with the rise of temperature. Fenton’s reagent was applied to treat the sediment resulting in the increase of the drying rate, but it was not obviously useful to water evaporation. The maximum drying rate increased with the increase of dry basis moisture content. Electron microscope scanning results indicated that the sediment particles were distributed evenly after oxidation pretreatment, which was beneficial to evaporation.
2016, 14(5):111-116.
Abstract:
Aiming at the problems of the water resources shortage and serious groundwater overexploitation for agricultural irrigation in the central Hebei piedmont plain, based on the precipitation, water resources and agricultural irrigation data since 1978, the evaluation index system and the evaluation method for the adaptability between agricultural irrigation and groundwater carrying capacity were established at an accuracy of 0.49 km2 by applying the earth science module concept, equilibrium theory and MapGIS technology. Evaluation results showed that the agricultural irrigation water intensity was in "serious incommensurate" status in most areas of the Hebei Taihang Piedmont Plain and the agricultural irrigation water was in "very serious incommensurate" state in most groundwater overdraft areas of Hebei plain, in which the summer crops such as wheat crop had an irrigation water intensity of more than 50%, and the ratio of the irrigation water strength of the vegetable crop and the consumption fruit trees in total agricultural irrigation water increases showed a significant percentage increase trend. We should avoid this kind of irrational continuous increase.
Aiming at the problems of the water resources shortage and serious groundwater overexploitation for agricultural irrigation in the central Hebei piedmont plain, based on the precipitation, water resources and agricultural irrigation data since 1978, the evaluation index system and the evaluation method for the adaptability between agricultural irrigation and groundwater carrying capacity were established at an accuracy of 0.49 km2 by applying the earth science module concept, equilibrium theory and MapGIS technology. Evaluation results showed that the agricultural irrigation water intensity was in "serious incommensurate" status in most areas of the Hebei Taihang Piedmont Plain and the agricultural irrigation water was in "very serious incommensurate" state in most groundwater overdraft areas of Hebei plain, in which the summer crops such as wheat crop had an irrigation water intensity of more than 50%, and the ratio of the irrigation water strength of the vegetable crop and the consumption fruit trees in total agricultural irrigation water increases showed a significant percentage increase trend. We should avoid this kind of irrational continuous increase.
2016, 14(5):117-123.
Abstract:
In order to reveal the mechanism of soil reinforcement by herb roots, we selected 4 typical hillslope protection plants, Trifolium repens L, Coronilla varia L, Lolium perenne L and Poa annua L to study the spatial distribution of root length density and tensile properties. The result showed: With the increase of the soil depth, the root length density (RLD) of gramineous plants gradually reduced in the form of exponential function, while the RLD of legumes first increased and then decreased, with a polynomial fitting curve. With the increase of the distance to the stem, RLD of gramineous plants decreased gradually, while RLD of legumes plants increased first and then decreased. In the roots diameter range of 0.1 mm~3 mm, the average tensile resistance of leguminous plants was greater than that of the gramineae plants. Legume’s root tensile resistance and root diameter showed a power function relationship, and the relationship between tensile resistance and diameter of Kentucky bluegrass and ryegrass was exponential function and logarithmic function relationship, respectively. The tensile strength of four species decreased with the increases of root diameter and their stress and strain showed a logarithmic function relationship, which illustrated that their roots were inelastic. At the same diameter, different plants showed variance with stress as ranked: White Clover > Crown vetch > Ryegrass > Kentucky bluegrass. Using the principal component analysis (PCA) to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the plant to protect the slope, we could conclude that leguminous plants were better than gramineous plants and White Clover was the optimal in the four plants.
In order to reveal the mechanism of soil reinforcement by herb roots, we selected 4 typical hillslope protection plants, Trifolium repens L, Coronilla varia L, Lolium perenne L and Poa annua L to study the spatial distribution of root length density and tensile properties. The result showed: With the increase of the soil depth, the root length density (RLD) of gramineous plants gradually reduced in the form of exponential function, while the RLD of legumes first increased and then decreased, with a polynomial fitting curve. With the increase of the distance to the stem, RLD of gramineous plants decreased gradually, while RLD of legumes plants increased first and then decreased. In the roots diameter range of 0.1 mm~3 mm, the average tensile resistance of leguminous plants was greater than that of the gramineae plants. Legume’s root tensile resistance and root diameter showed a power function relationship, and the relationship between tensile resistance and diameter of Kentucky bluegrass and ryegrass was exponential function and logarithmic function relationship, respectively. The tensile strength of four species decreased with the increases of root diameter and their stress and strain showed a logarithmic function relationship, which illustrated that their roots were inelastic. At the same diameter, different plants showed variance with stress as ranked: White Clover > Crown vetch > Ryegrass > Kentucky bluegrass. Using the principal component analysis (PCA) to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the plant to protect the slope, we could conclude that leguminous plants were better than gramineous plants and White Clover was the optimal in the four plants.
2016, 14(5):124-129.
Abstract:
In this paper, Altash hydropower station was chosen as the research object. The best energy dissipation scheme was selected based on 1:50 hydraulic model. It could be studied by comparing the hydraulic characteristics in the flat bottom water cushion pool and scouring patterns in the cushion pool with lining slope but no bottom protection. By measuring pulsating pressure and uplift force, the possible damage range in the cushion pool could be predicted. And through the analysis of the flow pattern and scouring patterns, the shape of flip bucket of spillway tunnel could be optimized. The comparative study showed that the optimized flip bucket could change trajectory nappe forms, adjust scour pit shapes, reduce the slope erosion and it was feasible for this cushion pool to adopt the form of the lining slope but no bottom protection with the optimized flip bucket. The results can provide reference for similar projects.
In this paper, Altash hydropower station was chosen as the research object. The best energy dissipation scheme was selected based on 1:50 hydraulic model. It could be studied by comparing the hydraulic characteristics in the flat bottom water cushion pool and scouring patterns in the cushion pool with lining slope but no bottom protection. By measuring pulsating pressure and uplift force, the possible damage range in the cushion pool could be predicted. And through the analysis of the flow pattern and scouring patterns, the shape of flip bucket of spillway tunnel could be optimized. The comparative study showed that the optimized flip bucket could change trajectory nappe forms, adjust scour pit shapes, reduce the slope erosion and it was feasible for this cushion pool to adopt the form of the lining slope but no bottom protection with the optimized flip bucket. The results can provide reference for similar projects.
2016, 14(5):130-136.
Abstract:
In this study, indoor routine permeability experiments were conducted to examine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of remolded Malan loess in Yan’an at different degree of compaction, and analyze the relationships between saturated hydraulic conductivity and several factors, including particle size, dry density and porosity. The results showed that saturated hydraulic conductivity had significant positive index correlation with porosity, and significant positive index correlation with dry density. Additionally, when the dry density was bigger than 1.6g/cm3, the saturated hydraulic conductivity was not only stable with total permeability time, but also small enough to be considered as impermeability. Hence, 1.6 g/cm3 could be adopted to guide the compaction engineering of different standards.
In this study, indoor routine permeability experiments were conducted to examine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of remolded Malan loess in Yan’an at different degree of compaction, and analyze the relationships between saturated hydraulic conductivity and several factors, including particle size, dry density and porosity. The results showed that saturated hydraulic conductivity had significant positive index correlation with porosity, and significant positive index correlation with dry density. Additionally, when the dry density was bigger than 1.6g/cm3, the saturated hydraulic conductivity was not only stable with total permeability time, but also small enough to be considered as impermeability. Hence, 1.6 g/cm3 could be adopted to guide the compaction engineering of different standards.
2016, 14(5):137-145.
Abstract:
Hydropower, which mainly distributes in southwest and northwest of China, is an important energy component of China. The seismic response characteristics of surface hydropower house is obviously different from those of other industrial plants. Overall, studies on seismic response analysis of surface hydropower house relatively lag behind. Current studies on seismic response analysis of surface hydropower house mainly involve seismic calculation methods, seismic response characteristics, considerations of ground motion, finite element model, evaluation on seismic response, aseismic measures and so on. The modification of code on seismic response analysis of hydropower house puts forward the tentative idea in this filed. Based on current achievements, research should be developed on simulation of dynamic water pressure, structural nonlinear analysis, effects of near-fault ground motions, and aseismic measures.
Hydropower, which mainly distributes in southwest and northwest of China, is an important energy component of China. The seismic response characteristics of surface hydropower house is obviously different from those of other industrial plants. Overall, studies on seismic response analysis of surface hydropower house relatively lag behind. Current studies on seismic response analysis of surface hydropower house mainly involve seismic calculation methods, seismic response characteristics, considerations of ground motion, finite element model, evaluation on seismic response, aseismic measures and so on. The modification of code on seismic response analysis of hydropower house puts forward the tentative idea in this filed. Based on current achievements, research should be developed on simulation of dynamic water pressure, structural nonlinear analysis, effects of near-fault ground motions, and aseismic measures.
2016, 14(5):146-149.
Abstract:
The strength characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil was analyzed，based on the plane sliding surface assumption, the analytical formula of the active earth pressure calculation for unsaturated expansive soil was proposed which considered the relationship between water content and strength of unsaturated expansive soil and other relevant factors, using the basic principle of Coulomb theory, and practical example was used to validate the formula. The example showed that the active earth pressure increased with the increase of moisture , while the magnitude of the change decreased; If the influence of water content was not considered, the result was conservative; The active earth pressure of expansive soil and the angle of filling sliding surface with the horizontal could be obtained directly applying the method established in this study.
The strength characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil was analyzed，based on the plane sliding surface assumption, the analytical formula of the active earth pressure calculation for unsaturated expansive soil was proposed which considered the relationship between water content and strength of unsaturated expansive soil and other relevant factors, using the basic principle of Coulomb theory, and practical example was used to validate the formula. The example showed that the active earth pressure increased with the increase of moisture , while the magnitude of the change decreased; If the influence of water content was not considered, the result was conservative; The active earth pressure of expansive soil and the angle of filling sliding surface with the horizontal could be obtained directly applying the method established in this study.
2016, 14(5):150-156.
Abstract:
The existence of pressure cavity with water threatens the tunnel construction safety in karst region. In order to analyze the influence of pressure cavity on tunnel construction, a simplified mechanical model was built based on the condition of the cavity located above the tunnel, considering water pressure and side pressure, the thickness of layer was calculated using structural mechanics method and variation principle , and the influence of depth-span ratio was analyzed. Combined with the condition of a karst tunnel, the thickness of prevention layer was determined to be 7.29 m, less than the actual thickness between the cavity and the tunnel, therefore the tunnel construction was safe. FLAC3D was used to build numerical simulation model, to analyze the influence of pressure cavity on the vertical displacement and the stress of the prevention layer, and further to determine the stability of prevention layer. The results showed that when the actual thickness between pressure cavity and tunnel surface was greater than the minimum thickness of the protection layer, there was no threat to the tunnel construction, but the vertical displacement and vertical stress of the prevention layer showed an increasing trend in the presence of cavity, considering the construction disturbance factors, we suggest that cavity displacement monitoring should be strengthened in construction progress and information should be fed back timely to ensure construction safety. The conclusion can provide reference for karst tunnel construction.
The existence of pressure cavity with water threatens the tunnel construction safety in karst region. In order to analyze the influence of pressure cavity on tunnel construction, a simplified mechanical model was built based on the condition of the cavity located above the tunnel, considering water pressure and side pressure, the thickness of layer was calculated using structural mechanics method and variation principle , and the influence of depth-span ratio was analyzed. Combined with the condition of a karst tunnel, the thickness of prevention layer was determined to be 7.29 m, less than the actual thickness between the cavity and the tunnel, therefore the tunnel construction was safe. FLAC3D was used to build numerical simulation model, to analyze the influence of pressure cavity on the vertical displacement and the stress of the prevention layer, and further to determine the stability of prevention layer. The results showed that when the actual thickness between pressure cavity and tunnel surface was greater than the minimum thickness of the protection layer, there was no threat to the tunnel construction, but the vertical displacement and vertical stress of the prevention layer showed an increasing trend in the presence of cavity, considering the construction disturbance factors, we suggest that cavity displacement monitoring should be strengthened in construction progress and information should be fed back timely to ensure construction safety. The conclusion can provide reference for karst tunnel construction.
2016, 14(5):157-162.
Abstract:
The flow pattern in the stilling basin of falling-sill bottom-flow energy dissipation was submerged jet and submerged jump mixing flow pattern. In order to understand hydraulic characteristics of the submerged jet region, the mainstream diffusion regularity of submerged jet area and the attenuation rule of mainstream axial maximum mean velocity was analyzed by applying plane turbulent jet theory. Based on the hydraulic model experiments, and the results of previous studies, the research on attenuation rule of the mainstream axial maximum mean velocity of submerged jet area was conducted. Based on the experimental research results, the Semi-empirical formula was deduced, in which the attenuation rule of mainstream axial maximum mean velocity of submerged jet area was controlled by the intake angle.
The flow pattern in the stilling basin of falling-sill bottom-flow energy dissipation was submerged jet and submerged jump mixing flow pattern. In order to understand hydraulic characteristics of the submerged jet region, the mainstream diffusion regularity of submerged jet area and the attenuation rule of mainstream axial maximum mean velocity was analyzed by applying plane turbulent jet theory. Based on the hydraulic model experiments, and the results of previous studies, the research on attenuation rule of the mainstream axial maximum mean velocity of submerged jet area was conducted. Based on the experimental research results, the Semi-empirical formula was deduced, in which the attenuation rule of mainstream axial maximum mean velocity of submerged jet area was controlled by the intake angle.
2016, 14(5):163-166.
Abstract:
Telescopic water seal is a new sealing method of large ship gate, it overcomes the shortcomings of traditional pre-pressure seal such as poor gap adaptability, local leakage, and quick material wear, with good sealing performance and durability. In this paper, combined with the "U" type sealing device which has three checks, through simulation calculations and model experiments, we studied the obtaining method of static water tightness which is the key characteristic of water seal. In this study, the method is simple, scientific, and has important reference value and reference meaning to the section selection in the design stage of telescopic water seal.
Telescopic water seal is a new sealing method of large ship gate, it overcomes the shortcomings of traditional pre-pressure seal such as poor gap adaptability, local leakage, and quick material wear, with good sealing performance and durability. In this paper, combined with the "U" type sealing device which has three checks, through simulation calculations and model experiments, we studied the obtaining method of static water tightness which is the key characteristic of water seal. In this study, the method is simple, scientific, and has important reference value and reference meaning to the section selection in the design stage of telescopic water seal.
2016, 14(5):167-172.
Abstract:
This work aimed to study the physical and mechanical parameters which influence the deformation of improved Loess slope. Using the collapsible loess taken from Shanxi Taiyuan as the object of study, direct shear test was carried out, cohesion and the internal friction angle of improved loess were obtained under different water contents; and then based on the testing data, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to discuss the effect of different moisture content, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio on slope deformation. The result of the study showed that: The solidified agent SH could improve the shear strength of loess; The water content had great effect on deformation of improved loess slope, Poisson ratio had almost no effect on deformation of improved loess slope. The research results provide certain reference value for the promotion of solidified agent SH in the loess area, and also give theoretical references for the design and management of the actual slope engineering.
This work aimed to study the physical and mechanical parameters which influence the deformation of improved Loess slope. Using the collapsible loess taken from Shanxi Taiyuan as the object of study, direct shear test was carried out, cohesion and the internal friction angle of improved loess were obtained under different water contents; and then based on the testing data, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to discuss the effect of different moisture content, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio on slope deformation. The result of the study showed that: The solidified agent SH could improve the shear strength of loess; The water content had great effect on deformation of improved loess slope, Poisson ratio had almost no effect on deformation of improved loess slope. The research results provide certain reference value for the promotion of solidified agent SH in the loess area, and also give theoretical references for the design and management of the actual slope engineering.
2016, 14(5):173-177.
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of current situation and existing problems of tourism development of South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project, a general thought of eco-culture tourism development that combines core structure landscapes with tourism and cultural resources around was discussed. Meanwhile, the “6E” travel pattern, namely education, explore, entertainment, experience, ecology and enrich was described. Furthermore, according to tourist environment investigation of the middle route, combining with the core structure landscapes in Beijing, Hebei, Henan and Tianjin, implementation proposals of recent pilot project were suggested.
Based on the analysis of current situation and existing problems of tourism development of South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project, a general thought of eco-culture tourism development that combines core structure landscapes with tourism and cultural resources around was discussed. Meanwhile, the “6E” travel pattern, namely education, explore, entertainment, experience, ecology and enrich was described. Furthermore, according to tourist environment investigation of the middle route, combining with the core structure landscapes in Beijing, Hebei, Henan and Tianjin, implementation proposals of recent pilot project were suggested.
2016, 14(5):178-183.
Abstract:
Due to fold and fault structures of Anhua syncline, groundwater runoff and outcrop characteristics have certain rules, and most of the dew point springs are used as living water in nearby villages. In this paper, hydrogeological conditions , chemical composition of groundwater, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data in the study area were analyzed, and the water balance method, hydrogeochemical reverse simulation and other means were adopted. It was found that there were three kinds of groundwater runoff modes co-existing in this area: groundwater runoff patterns along the strip of karst, fault conducting groundwater runoff patterns around the syncline axis and groundwater runoff patterns along the fault fracture zone. The results revealed the rules of runoff and discharge of groundwater in the area, therefore providing significant reference for the development, utilization and protection of groundwater resources there.
Due to fold and fault structures of Anhua syncline, groundwater runoff and outcrop characteristics have certain rules, and most of the dew point springs are used as living water in nearby villages. In this paper, hydrogeological conditions , chemical composition of groundwater, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data in the study area were analyzed, and the water balance method, hydrogeochemical reverse simulation and other means were adopted. It was found that there were three kinds of groundwater runoff modes co-existing in this area: groundwater runoff patterns along the strip of karst, fault conducting groundwater runoff patterns around the syncline axis and groundwater runoff patterns along the fault fracture zone. The results revealed the rules of runoff and discharge of groundwater in the area, therefore providing significant reference for the development, utilization and protection of groundwater resources there.
2016, 14(5):184-188.
Abstract:
Electric power market transaction is one of the important measures for the reform of the electric power system in China. In this paper, the characteristics of the optimal reservoir scheduling in the electric power market transaction model were analyzed, and the optimal operation model of the reservoir was established. Based on the standard particle swarm optimization, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed, which was based on the improvement of the inertia factor, the acceleration factor and the iteration speed. Taking Qingxi Reservoir, which locates in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, as an example, the validity and applicability of the model and algorithm were verified. This research provides a new idea for reservoir optimization scheduling in the background of electric power market.
Electric power market transaction is one of the important measures for the reform of the electric power system in China. In this paper, the characteristics of the optimal reservoir scheduling in the electric power market transaction model were analyzed, and the optimal operation model of the reservoir was established. Based on the standard particle swarm optimization, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed, which was based on the improvement of the inertia factor, the acceleration factor and the iteration speed. Taking Qingxi Reservoir, which locates in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, as an example, the validity and applicability of the model and algorithm were verified. This research provides a new idea for reservoir optimization scheduling in the background of electric power market.
2016, 14(5):189-193.
Abstract:
Through the project bidding to choose right contractor is the key of water conservancy and hydropower project construction, and it plays a decisive role in the fulfillment of the project construction. Bid evaluation is the core of the whole bidding activity, how to quickly and efficiently select the best bidder determines the success of the project construction. Project bid evaluation refers to many factors, and it is difficult to evaluate directly. In this paper, based on the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, selecting bid quotation, construction organization and enterprise conditions as evaluation factors, the index matrix and intuitionistic fuzzy linear evaluation model were established. This model could consider membership degree, non-membership degree and hesitancy degree for all indicators. Subsequently, the priority order of the bid companies could be obtained by the using of scoring function and TOPSIS，which made the evaluation result more reasonable. And the validity and practicability of this model were verified by case analysis.
Through the project bidding to choose right contractor is the key of water conservancy and hydropower project construction, and it plays a decisive role in the fulfillment of the project construction. Bid evaluation is the core of the whole bidding activity, how to quickly and efficiently select the best bidder determines the success of the project construction. Project bid evaluation refers to many factors, and it is difficult to evaluate directly. In this paper, based on the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, selecting bid quotation, construction organization and enterprise conditions as evaluation factors, the index matrix and intuitionistic fuzzy linear evaluation model were established. This model could consider membership degree, non-membership degree and hesitancy degree for all indicators. Subsequently, the priority order of the bid companies could be obtained by the using of scoring function and TOPSIS，which made the evaluation result more reasonable. And the validity and practicability of this model were verified by case analysis.
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