Volume 0,Issue 4,2023 Table of Contents
2023(4):625-653.
Abstract:
Based on the review of the concept and connotation of drought propagation, a detailed definition of the entire process of drought propagation is provided and the accumulation, attenuation, lagging, and lengthening characteristics of drought propagation are expanded on. Progress in the aspects of accumulation and lag is emphasized. Drought propagation is classified into different types based on the process and spatiotemporal characteristics. The statistical methods, including linear regression, logarithmic function, wavelet analysis, Copula function, causal analysis, Bayesian network, and random forest, as well as hydrological simulation methods, including single hydrological model simulation and multiple model ensemble simulation, are summarized and discussed regarding their applications in drought propagation research.
Based on the review of the concept and connotation of drought propagation, a detailed definition of the entire process of drought propagation is provided and the accumulation, attenuation, lagging, and lengthening characteristics of drought propagation are expanded on. Progress in the aspects of accumulation and lag is emphasized. Drought propagation is classified into different types based on the process and spatiotemporal characteristics. The statistical methods, including linear regression, logarithmic function, wavelet analysis, Copula function, causal analysis, Bayesian network, and random forest, as well as hydrological simulation methods, including single hydrological model simulation and multiple model ensemble simulation, are summarized and discussed regarding their applications in drought propagation research.
2023(4):654-668.
Abstract:
Regarding?the?three?factors?that?affect?drought?propagation,?climate?factors?are?divided?into?precipitation, temperature,?wind?direction,?and?atmospheric?circulation.?Underlying?surface?factors?are?divided?into?geology?and landforms,?vegetation,?and?soil、Human?activity?factors?are?divided?into?land?use?and?change?and?water?resource development?and?utilization.?A?systematic?review?is?conducted?on?the?relevant?factors?that?control?and?affect?drought propagation ?and ?their ?change ?in ?different ?countries ?and ?regions. ?It ?is ?particularly ?pointed ?out ?that ?climate ?and underlying?surface?factors?may?exhibit?significant?differences?in?the?impact?of?drought?propagation?processes?at different ?locations ?and ?time. ?The ?in-depth ?investigation ?of ?the ?drought ?propagation ?process ?and ?its ?influencing factors?and?mechanism?can?help?to?promote?the?level?of?drought?monitoring?and?early?warning?and?reduce?the negative?impacts?of?drought?disasters?on?the?economy,?society,?and?ecological?environment.?Furthermore,?prospects are ?made ?for ?the ?integration ?of ?multi-source ?data ?and ?multiple ?models, ?three-dimensional ?drought ?propagation processes,?drought?propagation?driving?mechanisms,?and?extension?of?the?drought?disaster?chain.
Regarding?the?three?factors?that?affect?drought?propagation,?climate?factors?are?divided?into?precipitation, temperature,?wind?direction,?and?atmospheric?circulation.?Underlying?surface?factors?are?divided?into?geology?and landforms,?vegetation,?and?soil、Human?activity?factors?are?divided?into?land?use?and?change?and?water?resource development?and?utilization.?A?systematic?review?is?conducted?on?the?relevant?factors?that?control?and?affect?drought propagation ?and ?their ?change ?in ?different ?countries ?and ?regions. ?It ?is ?particularly ?pointed ?out ?that ?climate ?and underlying?surface?factors?may?exhibit?significant?differences?in?the?impact?of?drought?propagation?processes?at different ?locations ?and ?time. ?The ?in-depth ?investigation ?of ?the ?drought ?propagation ?process ?and ?its ?influencing factors?and?mechanism?can?help?to?promote?the?level?of?drought?monitoring?and?early?warning?and?reduce?the negative?impacts?of?drought?disasters?on?the?economy,?society,?and?ecological?environment.?Furthermore,?prospects are ?made ?for ?the ?integration ?of ?multi-source ?data ?and ?multiple ?models, ?three-dimensional ?drought ?propagation processes,?drought?propagation?driving?mechanisms,?and?extension?of?the?drought?disaster?chain.
2023(4):669-678.
Abstract:
Ecological ?water ?replenishment ?(EWR) ?is ?an ?important ?way ?for ?river ?and ?lake ?recovery, ?ecological restoration, ?and ?river ?function ?maintenance. ?Attempts ?have ?been ?made ?to ?replenish ?ecological ?water, ?such ?as transfering?water?from?the?Yellow?River?to?the?Yongding?River?(YDR)?and?transfering?water?from?the?Yangtze River?to?the?Hutuo?River.?However,?in?the?arid?area?of?northern?China,?the?river?has?water?only?for?a?limited?time. The?runoff?characteristics?in?the?process?of?EWR?have?great?uncertainty.?Therefore,?it?is?important?to?study?the?EWR law?and?water?discharge?mode?under?the?limited?ecological?water?supply. ??????A?one-dimensional?flow?evolution?model?based?on?the?Muskingum?method?and?the?Saint-Venant?equation?group was?established?by?taking?Beijing?section?of?the?YDR?as?an?example.?The?impact?of?complex?terrain?conditions could?be?avoided?in?the?modeling?of?the?mountain?gorge?section,?and?the?flow?process?changes?caused?by?the?river channel?characteristics?in?the?plain?section?could?be?fully?reflected.?The?measured?EWR?monitoring?data?were?used to?calibrate?and?verify?the?model?to?accurately?reflect?the?flow?change?and?the?water?quantity?balance. ??????The?results?show?that:?(1)?Under?the?mode?of?continuous?and?stable?flow?replenishment,?the?water?supply?in Gu'an?(exit?section)?reaches?a?stable?state?in?about?11?d,?and?may?continue?to?maintain?water?for?about?12-13?d?after the?water?discharge?was?stopped.?(2)?With?the?increase?of?the?flow?rate,?the?duration?of?the?river?with?water?and?the proportion?of?water?loss?decreased,?and?the?rate?of?decrease?gradually?slow?down.?The?optimal?EWR?flow?was?30-35 m3/s.?(3)?The?total?amount?of?EWR?was?limited,?and?water?release?with?a?large?flow?first?was?more?advantageous?in terms?of?the?whole?line?water?supply?time?and?groundwater?leakage?effect.?(4)?Adding?reclaimed?water?and?water from?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?(SNWTP)?in?the?plain?section?may?further?shorten?the?water?supply time.?(5)?Assessing?the?ecological?water?supply?capacity?of?the?Guanting?Reservoir,?reclaimed?water,?and?water?from SNWTP,?the?designed?water?supply?is?in?the?range?of?2.24×108-4.14×108m3.?The?whole?line?of?the?Beijing?section?of the?YDR?will?be?open?to?water?for?about?15?d,?with?an?outflow?of?1.05×108-2.22×108m3,?groundwater?recharge,?and evaporation?of?1.19×108-1.93×108m3.?The?larger?the?amount?of?EWR?water,?the?lower?the?proportion?of?infiltration and?evaporation?water.?The?Lugouqiao?-?Liuhuanlu?section?had?the?strongest?infiltration?capacity. ??????This ?study ?has ?practical ?significance ?for ?the ?determination ?of ?EWR ?quantity, ?discharge ?process, ?and ?water discharge?mode?of?Beijing?section?of?the?YDR.?The?ENS?of?simulated?and?measured?data?suggests?that?the?model?can accurately?reflect?the?flow?change?and?the?water?quantity?balance.?It?shows?that?with?the?increase?of?the?flow,?the water?supply?time?and?the?proportion?of?water?loss?decrease,?and?the?optimal?flow?range?of?Guanting?Reservoir?is?30- 35?m3/s.?The?water?supply?mode?of?first?discharging?a?large?flow?and?then?stabilizing?to?a?small?flow?has?the advantages?of?fast?water?flow,?large?amount?of?groundwater?recharge,?and?simple?gate?control,?which?is?a?suitable discharge?mode?for?the?EWR?in?river?courses.
Ecological ?water ?replenishment ?(EWR) ?is ?an ?important ?way ?for ?river ?and ?lake ?recovery, ?ecological restoration, ?and ?river ?function ?maintenance. ?Attempts ?have ?been ?made ?to ?replenish ?ecological ?water, ?such ?as transfering?water?from?the?Yellow?River?to?the?Yongding?River?(YDR)?and?transfering?water?from?the?Yangtze River?to?the?Hutuo?River.?However,?in?the?arid?area?of?northern?China,?the?river?has?water?only?for?a?limited?time. The?runoff?characteristics?in?the?process?of?EWR?have?great?uncertainty.?Therefore,?it?is?important?to?study?the?EWR law?and?water?discharge?mode?under?the?limited?ecological?water?supply. ??????A?one-dimensional?flow?evolution?model?based?on?the?Muskingum?method?and?the?Saint-Venant?equation?group was?established?by?taking?Beijing?section?of?the?YDR?as?an?example.?The?impact?of?complex?terrain?conditions could?be?avoided?in?the?modeling?of?the?mountain?gorge?section,?and?the?flow?process?changes?caused?by?the?river channel?characteristics?in?the?plain?section?could?be?fully?reflected.?The?measured?EWR?monitoring?data?were?used to?calibrate?and?verify?the?model?to?accurately?reflect?the?flow?change?and?the?water?quantity?balance. ??????The?results?show?that:?(1)?Under?the?mode?of?continuous?and?stable?flow?replenishment,?the?water?supply?in Gu'an?(exit?section)?reaches?a?stable?state?in?about?11?d,?and?may?continue?to?maintain?water?for?about?12-13?d?after the?water?discharge?was?stopped.?(2)?With?the?increase?of?the?flow?rate,?the?duration?of?the?river?with?water?and?the proportion?of?water?loss?decreased,?and?the?rate?of?decrease?gradually?slow?down.?The?optimal?EWR?flow?was?30-35 m3/s.?(3)?The?total?amount?of?EWR?was?limited,?and?water?release?with?a?large?flow?first?was?more?advantageous?in terms?of?the?whole?line?water?supply?time?and?groundwater?leakage?effect.?(4)?Adding?reclaimed?water?and?water from?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?(SNWTP)?in?the?plain?section?may?further?shorten?the?water?supply time.?(5)?Assessing?the?ecological?water?supply?capacity?of?the?Guanting?Reservoir,?reclaimed?water,?and?water?from SNWTP,?the?designed?water?supply?is?in?the?range?of?2.24×108-4.14×108m3.?The?whole?line?of?the?Beijing?section?of the?YDR?will?be?open?to?water?for?about?15?d,?with?an?outflow?of?1.05×108-2.22×108m3,?groundwater?recharge,?and evaporation?of?1.19×108-1.93×108m3.?The?larger?the?amount?of?EWR?water,?the?lower?the?proportion?of?infiltration and?evaporation?water.?The?Lugouqiao?-?Liuhuanlu?section?had?the?strongest?infiltration?capacity. ??????This ?study ?has ?practical ?significance ?for ?the ?determination ?of ?EWR ?quantity, ?discharge ?process, ?and ?water discharge?mode?of?Beijing?section?of?the?YDR.?The?ENS?of?simulated?and?measured?data?suggests?that?the?model?can accurately?reflect?the?flow?change?and?the?water?quantity?balance.?It?shows?that?with?the?increase?of?the?flow,?the water?supply?time?and?the?proportion?of?water?loss?decrease,?and?the?optimal?flow?range?of?Guanting?Reservoir?is?30- 35?m3/s.?The?water?supply?mode?of?first?discharging?a?large?flow?and?then?stabilizing?to?a?small?flow?has?the advantages?of?fast?water?flow,?large?amount?of?groundwater?recharge,?and?simple?gate?control,?which?is?a?suitable discharge?mode?for?the?EWR?in?river?courses.
4 Characteristics of temporal-spatial drought distribution in Shandong Province
based on cloud model
2023(4):679-688.
Abstract:
With?the?acceleration?of?global?warming?and?frequent?occurrence?of?agricultural?natural?disasters,?drought has?become?an?important?restrictive?factor?for?agricultural?production?in?Shandong?Province?and?has?caused?huge losses?to?agriculture.?As?an?important?region?of?the?national?ecological?protection?and?high-quality?development strategy?in?the?Yellow?River?basin,?the?high-quality?development?of?ecological?agriculture?is?particularly?important in ?Shandong ?Province, ?and ?drought ?is ?one ?of ?the ?limiting ?factors ?affecting ?the ?high-quality ?development ?of ecological?agriculture.?So?the?study?of?drought?is?becoming?more?and?more?important.?In?recent?years,?there?have been?more?and?more?research?on?extreme?drought?monitoring,?risk?assessment?models?and?systems,?and?a?variety?of meteorological?hydrological?drought?index?models?have?been?widely?used.?The?precipitation?anomaly?percentage model ?is ?superior ?to ?the ?other ?drought ?index ?models ?because ?it ?can ?directly ?reflect ?the ?drought ?caused ?by precipitation.?Although?some?research?has?been?conducted?in?recent?years?on?temporal-spatial?drought?distribution, there?are?few?researches?on?the?fuzziness,?randomness?and?unevenness?of?drought?distribution. ??????Based?on?the?measured?data?of?meteorological?data?from?1951?to?2017?in?29?meteorological?stations?in?Shandong Province,?the?precipitation?anomaly?percentage?is?used?as?the?evaluation?index?of?meteorological?drought?grade,?the cloud ?model ?is ?used ?to ?study ?the ?uniformity ?and ?stability ?characteristics ?of ?the ?drought ?spatial ?and ?temporal distribution ?in ?Shandong ?Province ?and ?the ?inverse ?distance ?weighting ?method ?is ?used ?to ?analyze ?the ?spatial distribution?characteristics?of?drought?frequency?at?different?time?scales. ??????Results?showed?that:?the?precipitation?anomaly?percentage?in?Shandong?Province?shows?a?downward?trend?of fluctuation ?year ?by ?year, ?but ?the ?decreasing ?trend ?was ?not ?obvious; ?the ?occurrence ?of ?drought ?has ?obvious seasonality, ?showing ?the ?phenomenon ?of ?seasonal ?continuous ?drought. ?On ?the ?time ?scale, ?the ?ambiguity ?and randomness?of?the?drought?distribution?on?the?annual?scale?are?smaller?than?the?seasonal?scale,?the?determinism?of the?drought?is?easier?to?measure?than?the?seasonal?scale,?and?the?stability?of?the?unevenness?of?distribution?is?low;?the comparison?of?the?numerical?characteristics?of?the?inter-seasonal?cloud?shows?that?the?distribution?of?winter?and autumn ?droughts ?has ?been ?relatively ?vague ?and ?random ?over ?the ?years, ?and ?the ?certainty ?of ?winter ?drought distribution?is?the?most?difficult?to?measure.?In?terms?of?stability,?autumn?is?the?most?stable,?followed?by?spring,?and the?most?unstable?is?summer. ??????On ?the ?spatial ?scale, ?the ?frequency ?of ?drought, ?severe ?drought ?and ?extreme ?drought ?in ?the ?northwestern Shandong?area?is?the?highest;?the?frequency?of?mild?drought?in?the?Jiaodong?Peninsula?area?is?the?highest,?followed by?the?southern?Shandong?area;?the?frequency?of?moderate?drought?is?the?highest?in?middle?Shandong?Province, followed?by?south?Shandong?Province.?The?stability?of?drought?distribution?was?judged?by?the?value?of?super- entropy,?which?showed?that?the?northwest?of?Shandong?was?the?most?stable,?the?middle?of?Shandong?was?the?second, and?the?Jiaodong?Peninsula?was?the?most?unstable.?Based?on?the?analysis?of?the?uniformity?of?drought?distribution,?it is ?concluded ?that ?the ?drought ?distribution ?in ?southwest ?Shandong ?is ?the ?most ?uneven, ?and ?that ?the ?drought distribution?in?northwest?Shandong?is?the?most?balanced.?The?spatial?distribution?of?drought?frequency?in?Shandong Province?showed?that?spring?drought?and?winter?drought?decreased?from?northwest?to?southeast,?and?autumn?drought was?more?serious.The?cloud?model?has?a?good?application?prospect?for?drought?distribution?in?subhumid?area.
With?the?acceleration?of?global?warming?and?frequent?occurrence?of?agricultural?natural?disasters,?drought has?become?an?important?restrictive?factor?for?agricultural?production?in?Shandong?Province?and?has?caused?huge losses?to?agriculture.?As?an?important?region?of?the?national?ecological?protection?and?high-quality?development strategy?in?the?Yellow?River?basin,?the?high-quality?development?of?ecological?agriculture?is?particularly?important in ?Shandong ?Province, ?and ?drought ?is ?one ?of ?the ?limiting ?factors ?affecting ?the ?high-quality ?development ?of ecological?agriculture.?So?the?study?of?drought?is?becoming?more?and?more?important.?In?recent?years,?there?have been?more?and?more?research?on?extreme?drought?monitoring,?risk?assessment?models?and?systems,?and?a?variety?of meteorological?hydrological?drought?index?models?have?been?widely?used.?The?precipitation?anomaly?percentage model ?is ?superior ?to ?the ?other ?drought ?index ?models ?because ?it ?can ?directly ?reflect ?the ?drought ?caused ?by precipitation.?Although?some?research?has?been?conducted?in?recent?years?on?temporal-spatial?drought?distribution, there?are?few?researches?on?the?fuzziness,?randomness?and?unevenness?of?drought?distribution. ??????Based?on?the?measured?data?of?meteorological?data?from?1951?to?2017?in?29?meteorological?stations?in?Shandong Province,?the?precipitation?anomaly?percentage?is?used?as?the?evaluation?index?of?meteorological?drought?grade,?the cloud ?model ?is ?used ?to ?study ?the ?uniformity ?and ?stability ?characteristics ?of ?the ?drought ?spatial ?and ?temporal distribution ?in ?Shandong ?Province ?and ?the ?inverse ?distance ?weighting ?method ?is ?used ?to ?analyze ?the ?spatial distribution?characteristics?of?drought?frequency?at?different?time?scales. ??????Results?showed?that:?the?precipitation?anomaly?percentage?in?Shandong?Province?shows?a?downward?trend?of fluctuation ?year ?by ?year, ?but ?the ?decreasing ?trend ?was ?not ?obvious; ?the ?occurrence ?of ?drought ?has ?obvious seasonality, ?showing ?the ?phenomenon ?of ?seasonal ?continuous ?drought. ?On ?the ?time ?scale, ?the ?ambiguity ?and randomness?of?the?drought?distribution?on?the?annual?scale?are?smaller?than?the?seasonal?scale,?the?determinism?of the?drought?is?easier?to?measure?than?the?seasonal?scale,?and?the?stability?of?the?unevenness?of?distribution?is?low;?the comparison?of?the?numerical?characteristics?of?the?inter-seasonal?cloud?shows?that?the?distribution?of?winter?and autumn ?droughts ?has ?been ?relatively ?vague ?and ?random ?over ?the ?years, ?and ?the ?certainty ?of ?winter ?drought distribution?is?the?most?difficult?to?measure.?In?terms?of?stability,?autumn?is?the?most?stable,?followed?by?spring,?and the?most?unstable?is?summer. ??????On ?the ?spatial ?scale, ?the ?frequency ?of ?drought, ?severe ?drought ?and ?extreme ?drought ?in ?the ?northwestern Shandong?area?is?the?highest;?the?frequency?of?mild?drought?in?the?Jiaodong?Peninsula?area?is?the?highest,?followed by?the?southern?Shandong?area;?the?frequency?of?moderate?drought?is?the?highest?in?middle?Shandong?Province, followed?by?south?Shandong?Province.?The?stability?of?drought?distribution?was?judged?by?the?value?of?super- entropy,?which?showed?that?the?northwest?of?Shandong?was?the?most?stable,?the?middle?of?Shandong?was?the?second, and?the?Jiaodong?Peninsula?was?the?most?unstable.?Based?on?the?analysis?of?the?uniformity?of?drought?distribution,?it is ?concluded ?that ?the ?drought ?distribution ?in ?southwest ?Shandong ?is ?the ?most ?uneven, ?and ?that ?the ?drought distribution?in?northwest?Shandong?is?the?most?balanced.?The?spatial?distribution?of?drought?frequency?in?Shandong Province?showed?that?spring?drought?and?winter?drought?decreased?from?northwest?to?southeast,?and?autumn?drought was?more?serious.The?cloud?model?has?a?good?application?prospect?for?drought?distribution?in?subhumid?area.
2023(4):689-699.
Abstract:
With?the?acceleration?of?urbanization,?groundwater?has?been?overexploited?for?a?long?time?in?order?to support?the?development?of?Beijing,?groundwater?recharge?and?drainage?are?seriously?unbalanced,?and?groundwater level?has?been?greatly?reduced.?Dry?years?have?resulted?in?a?sharp?decrease?in?the?amount?of?surface?water?resources. The?good?infiltration?conditions?of?the?piedmont?alluvial?fan?have?made?the?river?with?a?sudden?decrease?in?flow rapidly?infiltrate?and?replenish?the?groundwater,?resulting?in?the?interruption?of?the?river?flow.?Artificial?recharge engineering?is?the?most?convenient?and?effective?means?to?solve?the?shortage?of?water?resources.?However,?once?the shallow?groundwater?quality?tends?to?deteriorate?due?to?the?infiltration?of?surface?pollution?components,?the?affected shallow?groundwater?will?continue?to?advance?to?the?deep?layer,?and?the?potential?pollution?risk?of?groundwater?will intensify. ??????Based?on?the?groundwater?data?of?“from?Wenyu?River?to?Chaobai?River”?project?in?2007,?2013?and?2018, descriptive?statistics?were?used?to?analyze?the?variation?characteristics?of?water?quality?parameters,?Piper?trigram?was used ?to ?analyze ?the ?groundwater ?hydrochemical ?phases ?of ?different ?aquifers ?in ?the ?water ?receiving ?area ?after ecological?water?replenishing,?and?Gibbs?diagram?and?ion?ratio?diagram?were?used?to?analyze?the?controlling?factors of ?groundwater ?hydrochemical ?characteristics. ?The ?water ?quality ?of ?the ?receiving ?area ?was ?evaluated ?by ?the improved?comprehensive?water?quality?Index?method?(MIWQI). ??????The?results?show?that?the?pH?values?of?different?aquifers?are?neutral?to?weakly?alkaline,?and?the?main?cations?and anions?are?Ca2+?and?HCO3?.?The?groundwater?chemical?type?changes?from?HCO3?-Ca·Mg?in?30?m?aquifer?to?HCO3?- Na·Ca·Mg?in?50?m?aquifer.?The?samples?of?different?aquifers?mainly?fall?in?the?dominant?rock?zone.The?overall quality?of?groundwater?is?good,?with?medium,?good?and?excellent?water?quality?accounting?for?more?than?90%?of?the total?number?of?samples.?Sensitivity?analysis?showed?that?HCO3??index?had?the?greatest?influence?on?the?score?of MIWQI,?and?Ca2+?index?had?the?least?impact?on?the?score?of?MIWQI,?but?their?sensitivity?values?were?not?exceeded 2%.?It?was?verified?that?MIWQI?did?not?overly?dependent?on?one?or?several?parameters,?and?all?parameters?play?a role?in?water?quality?evaluation. ??????The?index?concentration?of?50?m?aquifer?is?basically?lower?than?30?m?aquifer.?The?dissolution?of?rock?salt?and silicate,?cation?exchange?and?human?activities?are?the?driving?factors?of?the?change?of?main?ions?in?the?water?body. Water?quality?index?method?based?on?entropy?weight?(MIWQI)?method?could?describe?the?overall?water?quality reliably,?accurately?and?stably.?These?findings?can?provide?reference?for?groundwater?management?and?sustainable development?of?water?resources.
With?the?acceleration?of?urbanization,?groundwater?has?been?overexploited?for?a?long?time?in?order?to support?the?development?of?Beijing,?groundwater?recharge?and?drainage?are?seriously?unbalanced,?and?groundwater level?has?been?greatly?reduced.?Dry?years?have?resulted?in?a?sharp?decrease?in?the?amount?of?surface?water?resources. The?good?infiltration?conditions?of?the?piedmont?alluvial?fan?have?made?the?river?with?a?sudden?decrease?in?flow rapidly?infiltrate?and?replenish?the?groundwater,?resulting?in?the?interruption?of?the?river?flow.?Artificial?recharge engineering?is?the?most?convenient?and?effective?means?to?solve?the?shortage?of?water?resources.?However,?once?the shallow?groundwater?quality?tends?to?deteriorate?due?to?the?infiltration?of?surface?pollution?components,?the?affected shallow?groundwater?will?continue?to?advance?to?the?deep?layer,?and?the?potential?pollution?risk?of?groundwater?will intensify. ??????Based?on?the?groundwater?data?of?“from?Wenyu?River?to?Chaobai?River”?project?in?2007,?2013?and?2018, descriptive?statistics?were?used?to?analyze?the?variation?characteristics?of?water?quality?parameters,?Piper?trigram?was used ?to ?analyze ?the ?groundwater ?hydrochemical ?phases ?of ?different ?aquifers ?in ?the ?water ?receiving ?area ?after ecological?water?replenishing,?and?Gibbs?diagram?and?ion?ratio?diagram?were?used?to?analyze?the?controlling?factors of ?groundwater ?hydrochemical ?characteristics. ?The ?water ?quality ?of ?the ?receiving ?area ?was ?evaluated ?by ?the improved?comprehensive?water?quality?Index?method?(MIWQI). ??????The?results?show?that?the?pH?values?of?different?aquifers?are?neutral?to?weakly?alkaline,?and?the?main?cations?and anions?are?Ca2+?and?HCO3?.?The?groundwater?chemical?type?changes?from?HCO3?-Ca·Mg?in?30?m?aquifer?to?HCO3?- Na·Ca·Mg?in?50?m?aquifer.?The?samples?of?different?aquifers?mainly?fall?in?the?dominant?rock?zone.The?overall quality?of?groundwater?is?good,?with?medium,?good?and?excellent?water?quality?accounting?for?more?than?90%?of?the total?number?of?samples.?Sensitivity?analysis?showed?that?HCO3??index?had?the?greatest?influence?on?the?score?of MIWQI,?and?Ca2+?index?had?the?least?impact?on?the?score?of?MIWQI,?but?their?sensitivity?values?were?not?exceeded 2%.?It?was?verified?that?MIWQI?did?not?overly?dependent?on?one?or?several?parameters,?and?all?parameters?play?a role?in?water?quality?evaluation. ??????The?index?concentration?of?50?m?aquifer?is?basically?lower?than?30?m?aquifer.?The?dissolution?of?rock?salt?and silicate,?cation?exchange?and?human?activities?are?the?driving?factors?of?the?change?of?main?ions?in?the?water?body. Water?quality?index?method?based?on?entropy?weight?(MIWQI)?method?could?describe?the?overall?water?quality reliably,?accurately?and?stably.?These?findings?can?provide?reference?for?groundwater?management?and?sustainable development?of?water?resources.
2023(4):700-707.
Abstract:
Due?to?the?uneven?seasonal?distribution?of?atmospheric?precipitation?during?the?year,?densely?distributed surface?water?bodies,?and?complex?hydrogeological?conditions,?the?mechanism?of?mutual?conversion?among?the?3 types?of?water?in?coastal?plain?areas?is?very?complex.?Once?a?pollution?accident?occurs,?the?pollutants?are?easily transferred?through?the?three?waters?conversion,?which?pose?a?threat?to?the?health?and?safety?of?the?surrounding public.?Therefore,?in?order?to?provide?technical?basis?for?the?preparation?and?review?of?the?environmental?impact report?of?the?site,?it?is?necessary?to?study?and?reveal?the?conversion?laws?between?atmospheric?precipitation,?surface water,?and?groundwater,?determine?the?impact?range?of?pollutant?migration?in?the?3?types?of?water?under?accident conditions,?and?determine?the?goals?and?scope?of?environmental?impact?assessment?in?the?selection?and?evaluation?of engineering?project?sites?in?the?region. ??????This?paper?has?maked?full?use?of?the?hydrological?and?geological?survey?data?in?the?vicinity?of?the?coastal?plant site?of?a?project,?collected?the?hydrological?data?in?the?coastal?area?of?the?North?China?Plain,?analyzed?the?water levels?dynamic?change?characteristics?of?the?surface?water?and?the?groundwater?in?different?aquifers,?studied?the hydrochemical?characteristics?of?different?water?bodies?and?their?water?quality?changes,?compared?the?composition and?differences?of?hydrogen?and?oxygen?isotopes?in?different?water?bodies,?and?judged?the?mutual?transformation relationship?between?atmospheric?precipitation,?surface?water?and?groundwater,?analyzed?the?hydraulic?connection of?groundwater?between?different?aquifers,?and?comprehensively?studied?the?transformation?law?of?the?three?water systems?around?the?plant?site. ??????Results?indicate?that?there?was?a?significant?seasonal?variation?in?the?groundwater?level?dynamics?of?the?study area?with?changes?in?precipitation.?The?overall?performance?was?that?the?water?level?gradually?decreases?during?the dry?season?and?increases?during?the?wet?season.?There?were?differences?in?hydrochemical?characteristics?between shallow?groundwater?and?different?surface?waters,?which?were?similar?to?the?deep?groundwater?of?the?Ⅱ?water- bearing ?rock ?group. ?The ?hydrochemical ?characteristics ?of ?groundwater ?in ?the ?Ⅲ?and ?Ⅳ?water-bearing ?rock formations ?were ?similar, ?but ?there ?was ?a ?significant ?difference ?between ?them ?and ?the ?Ⅱ?water-bearing ?rock formations.?The?δ(D)?value?of?shallow?groundwater?was??59.1‰?to??43.3‰,?with?an?average?value?of??48.93‰, and ?the?δ(18O) ?value ?was ??8.02 ‰?to??4.87‰, ?with ?an ?average ?value ?of ??6.05 ‰. ?The?δ(D) ?value ?of ?deep groundwater?of?the?II?water-bearing?rock?group?was??66.5‰?to??65.5‰,?with?an?average?value?of??66.13‰,?and?the δ(18O)?value?was??9.20‰?to??8.86‰,?with?an?average?value?of??8.99‰.?The?δ(D)?value?of?deep?groundwater?of?the Ⅲ?water-bearing?rock?group?was??69.6‰,?and?the δ(18O)?value?was??9.24‰.?There?were?obvious?differences?and spatial?changes?in?the?hydrogen?and?oxygen?isotope?composition?of?groundwater?in?different?water-bearing?rock groups,?and?the?shallow?groundwater?was?the?most?enriched.?It?showed?a?trend?of?change?from?large?to?small?as?the depth?increases?in?vertical?direction. ??????The ?atmospheric ?precipitation ?supplied ?shallow ?groundwater ?and ?surface ?water. ?There ?was ?the ?hydraulic connection?between?shallow?groundwater?and?different?surface?water.?The?general?performance?was?that?shallow groundwater?received?seepage?recharge?from?surface?water?bodies,?such?as?Yangcheng?trunk?ditch,?Yangcheng wetland,?Yangcheng?reservoir?and?pond,?and?runoff?was?discharged?to?Zhangweixin?River,?Xuanhui?River?and Yangcheng?branch?ditch.?The?runoff?of?the?shallow?groundwater?was?from?southwest?to?northeast?on?the?whole,?and finally?entered?the?sea.?The?shallow?groundwater?was?obviously?affected?by?the?evaporation.?The?deep?groundwater was?mainly?supplied?by?Pleistocene?glacial?water,?and?the?hydraulic?connection?with?the?shallow?groundwater?was weak.
Due?to?the?uneven?seasonal?distribution?of?atmospheric?precipitation?during?the?year,?densely?distributed surface?water?bodies,?and?complex?hydrogeological?conditions,?the?mechanism?of?mutual?conversion?among?the?3 types?of?water?in?coastal?plain?areas?is?very?complex.?Once?a?pollution?accident?occurs,?the?pollutants?are?easily transferred?through?the?three?waters?conversion,?which?pose?a?threat?to?the?health?and?safety?of?the?surrounding public.?Therefore,?in?order?to?provide?technical?basis?for?the?preparation?and?review?of?the?environmental?impact report?of?the?site,?it?is?necessary?to?study?and?reveal?the?conversion?laws?between?atmospheric?precipitation,?surface water,?and?groundwater,?determine?the?impact?range?of?pollutant?migration?in?the?3?types?of?water?under?accident conditions,?and?determine?the?goals?and?scope?of?environmental?impact?assessment?in?the?selection?and?evaluation?of engineering?project?sites?in?the?region. ??????This?paper?has?maked?full?use?of?the?hydrological?and?geological?survey?data?in?the?vicinity?of?the?coastal?plant site?of?a?project,?collected?the?hydrological?data?in?the?coastal?area?of?the?North?China?Plain,?analyzed?the?water levels?dynamic?change?characteristics?of?the?surface?water?and?the?groundwater?in?different?aquifers,?studied?the hydrochemical?characteristics?of?different?water?bodies?and?their?water?quality?changes,?compared?the?composition and?differences?of?hydrogen?and?oxygen?isotopes?in?different?water?bodies,?and?judged?the?mutual?transformation relationship?between?atmospheric?precipitation,?surface?water?and?groundwater,?analyzed?the?hydraulic?connection of?groundwater?between?different?aquifers,?and?comprehensively?studied?the?transformation?law?of?the?three?water systems?around?the?plant?site. ??????Results?indicate?that?there?was?a?significant?seasonal?variation?in?the?groundwater?level?dynamics?of?the?study area?with?changes?in?precipitation.?The?overall?performance?was?that?the?water?level?gradually?decreases?during?the dry?season?and?increases?during?the?wet?season.?There?were?differences?in?hydrochemical?characteristics?between shallow?groundwater?and?different?surface?waters,?which?were?similar?to?the?deep?groundwater?of?the?Ⅱ?water- bearing ?rock ?group. ?The ?hydrochemical ?characteristics ?of ?groundwater ?in ?the ?Ⅲ?and ?Ⅳ?water-bearing ?rock formations ?were ?similar, ?but ?there ?was ?a ?significant ?difference ?between ?them ?and ?the ?Ⅱ?water-bearing ?rock formations.?The?δ(D)?value?of?shallow?groundwater?was??59.1‰?to??43.3‰,?with?an?average?value?of??48.93‰, and ?the?δ(18O) ?value ?was ??8.02 ‰?to??4.87‰, ?with ?an ?average ?value ?of ??6.05 ‰. ?The?δ(D) ?value ?of ?deep groundwater?of?the?II?water-bearing?rock?group?was??66.5‰?to??65.5‰,?with?an?average?value?of??66.13‰,?and?the δ(18O)?value?was??9.20‰?to??8.86‰,?with?an?average?value?of??8.99‰.?The?δ(D)?value?of?deep?groundwater?of?the Ⅲ?water-bearing?rock?group?was??69.6‰,?and?the δ(18O)?value?was??9.24‰.?There?were?obvious?differences?and spatial?changes?in?the?hydrogen?and?oxygen?isotope?composition?of?groundwater?in?different?water-bearing?rock groups,?and?the?shallow?groundwater?was?the?most?enriched.?It?showed?a?trend?of?change?from?large?to?small?as?the depth?increases?in?vertical?direction. ??????The ?atmospheric ?precipitation ?supplied ?shallow ?groundwater ?and ?surface ?water. ?There ?was ?the ?hydraulic connection?between?shallow?groundwater?and?different?surface?water.?The?general?performance?was?that?shallow groundwater?received?seepage?recharge?from?surface?water?bodies,?such?as?Yangcheng?trunk?ditch,?Yangcheng wetland,?Yangcheng?reservoir?and?pond,?and?runoff?was?discharged?to?Zhangweixin?River,?Xuanhui?River?and Yangcheng?branch?ditch.?The?runoff?of?the?shallow?groundwater?was?from?southwest?to?northeast?on?the?whole,?and finally?entered?the?sea.?The?shallow?groundwater?was?obviously?affected?by?the?evaporation.?The?deep?groundwater was?mainly?supplied?by?Pleistocene?glacial?water,?and?the?hydraulic?connection?with?the?shallow?groundwater?was weak.
2023(4):708-730.
Abstract:
With?the?guidance?of?soil?physics?principles?and?the?utilization?of?fundamental?physical?properties?of?soil, a?technology?called?artificially?layered?soil?(ALS)?engineering?was?proposed?to?achieve?water?and?soil?regulation?by adjusting?the?soil?profile.?Experiments?of?laboratory?infiltration?ponding,?vegetation?evapotranspiration,?and?field soil ?moisture ?observation ?in ?arid ?areas ?were ?conducted ?to ?verify ?the ?effectiveness ?of ?ALS ?in ?water ?and ?soil regulation.?The?results?show?that?in?these?experiments,?by?adjusting?the?soil?profile?structure,?ALS?can?significantly improve?the?infiltration?capacity?of?the?soil,?with?the?initial?infiltration?rate?increasing?by?more?than?three?times?and the?average?infiltration?rate?increasing?by?67.57%.?Additionally,?the?cumulative?soil?infiltration?volume?increases?by 47.14%.?Meanwhile,?the?surface?soil?water?content?is?decreased?to?reduce?the?invalid?soil?evaporation?by?38.39%.?In the?field?experiments,?the?soil?water?content?in?the?layered?soil?is?mainly?stored?at?a?depth?of?31–50?cm?below?the surface,?while?that?of?the?undisturbed?field?soil?is?mainly?located?in?the?surface?soil.?Compared?with?the?undisturbed soil,?ALS?reduces?water?consumption?by?13.32%?and?decreases?the?water?consumption?rate?by?12.90%.?Therefore, ALS?engineering?can?realize?water?and?soil?regulation,?making?it?significant?for?water?and?soil?resource?management and?desertification?prevention?in?arid?regions.
With?the?guidance?of?soil?physics?principles?and?the?utilization?of?fundamental?physical?properties?of?soil, a?technology?called?artificially?layered?soil?(ALS)?engineering?was?proposed?to?achieve?water?and?soil?regulation?by adjusting?the?soil?profile.?Experiments?of?laboratory?infiltration?ponding,?vegetation?evapotranspiration,?and?field soil ?moisture ?observation ?in ?arid ?areas ?were ?conducted ?to ?verify ?the ?effectiveness ?of ?ALS ?in ?water ?and ?soil regulation.?The?results?show?that?in?these?experiments,?by?adjusting?the?soil?profile?structure,?ALS?can?significantly improve?the?infiltration?capacity?of?the?soil,?with?the?initial?infiltration?rate?increasing?by?more?than?three?times?and the?average?infiltration?rate?increasing?by?67.57%.?Additionally,?the?cumulative?soil?infiltration?volume?increases?by 47.14%.?Meanwhile,?the?surface?soil?water?content?is?decreased?to?reduce?the?invalid?soil?evaporation?by?38.39%.?In the?field?experiments,?the?soil?water?content?in?the?layered?soil?is?mainly?stored?at?a?depth?of?31–50?cm?below?the surface,?while?that?of?the?undisturbed?field?soil?is?mainly?located?in?the?surface?soil.?Compared?with?the?undisturbed soil,?ALS?reduces?water?consumption?by?13.32%?and?decreases?the?water?consumption?rate?by?12.90%.?Therefore, ALS?engineering?can?realize?water?and?soil?regulation,?making?it?significant?for?water?and?soil?resource?management and?desertification?prevention?in?arid?regions.
2023(4):731-741.
Abstract:
Water?is?the?source?of?life?and?an?important?cornerstone?of?ecological?and?economic?development.?The economic?growth?rate?and?urbanization?construction?process?on?both?sides?of?the?Yellow?River?are?closely?related?to the?utilization?of?water?resources?in?the?Yellow?River?basin,?and?the?increase?in?the?demand?for?water?resources?from the?Yellow?River?in?China's?industry,?high?development?utilization?rate,?and?prominent?contradiction?between?supply and?demand,?agriculture?and?life?have?seriously?aggravated?the?water?shortage?problems.?In?2019,?the?ecological protection?and?high-quality?development?of?the?Yellow?River?basin?becomes?a?national?strategy?to?improve?the economical?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin.?The?evaluation?of?water?resource?utilization?capacity?is an?indispensable?part?of?promoting?the?construction?of?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society,?so?the?evaluation?of water?resource?conservation?and?intensive?utilization?capacity?in?the?basin?is?particularly?important. ??????According ?to ?the ?current ?situation ?of ?water ?resources ?in ?the ?Yellow ?River ?basin ?and ?combined ?with ?the implementation?plan?for?the?conservation?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin,?the?per?capita?water consumption,?the?per?capita?water?resources,?and?the?surface?water?development?and?utilization?rate?was?selected?as water?resources?indicators.?Water?consumption?of?10,000?yuan?of?industrial?added?value,?water?consumption?of 10,000?yuan?of?GDP,?and?leakage?rate?of?urban?water?supply?network?was?selected?as?socio-economic?indicators. The?total?wastewater?discharge,?the?water?reuse?rate,?and?the?urban?sewage?treatment?rate?were?selected?as?ecological and?environmental?indicators.?A?total?of?17?indicators?were?used?to?build?an?evaluation?system?for?the?capacity?of water?resources?conservation?and?intensive?use?in?the?Yellow?River?basin.?The?principal?component?analysis?method and?the?entropy?value?method?were?used?to?calculate?the?capacity?of?water?resources?use?and?its?change?trend?in?the past?ten?years?(?from?2010?to?2020)?in?nine?provinces?and?regions. ??????The?calculation?results?show?that?the?water?conservation?and?intensive?use?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?and regions?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?decreased?first?and?then?increased.?Among?them,?the?water-saving?capacity?of Qinghai ?Province ?and ?Inner ?Mongolia ?Autonomous ?Region ?is ?fluctuating ?and ?increasing. ?Sichuan, ?Shaanxi, Shandong,?and?Henan?all?show?a?trend?of?decreasing?and?then?increasing.?The?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of Gansu,?Shanxi,?and?Ningxia?provinces?has?been?in?the?stage?of?increasing. ??????In?recent?years,?the?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?has?been on?the?increase?side,?indicating?that?the?policies?and?measures?enacted?by?China?to?build?a?water-saving?society?and to?protect?the?ecology?and?quality?development?of?the?basin?have?been?effective,?but?there?are?still?problems?such?as low?utilization?rates,?widespread?waste,?and?serious?soil?erosion.?Building?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society?still requires?measures?and?in-depth?implementation?of?the?decisions?of?the?Party?Central?Committee?to?sustain?the?long- term?survival?of?mankind.?For?example,?improving?the?efficiency?of?water?resources?use,?adjusting?the?industrial structure,?optimizing?the?allocation?of?water?resources,?improving?water?rights?and?prices?and?the?water?market, establishing?an?early?warning?mechanism?for?evaluating?the?carrying?capacity?of?water?resources,?and?strengthening water?resources?supervision?capacity.?The?study?provides?a?basis?for?promoting?the?transformation?of?water?use?in the?Yellow?River?basin?from?crude?and?inefficient?to?economical?and?intensive.
Water?is?the?source?of?life?and?an?important?cornerstone?of?ecological?and?economic?development.?The economic?growth?rate?and?urbanization?construction?process?on?both?sides?of?the?Yellow?River?are?closely?related?to the?utilization?of?water?resources?in?the?Yellow?River?basin,?and?the?increase?in?the?demand?for?water?resources?from the?Yellow?River?in?China's?industry,?high?development?utilization?rate,?and?prominent?contradiction?between?supply and?demand,?agriculture?and?life?have?seriously?aggravated?the?water?shortage?problems.?In?2019,?the?ecological protection?and?high-quality?development?of?the?Yellow?River?basin?becomes?a?national?strategy?to?improve?the economical?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin.?The?evaluation?of?water?resource?utilization?capacity?is an?indispensable?part?of?promoting?the?construction?of?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society,?so?the?evaluation?of water?resource?conservation?and?intensive?utilization?capacity?in?the?basin?is?particularly?important. ??????According ?to ?the ?current ?situation ?of ?water ?resources ?in ?the ?Yellow ?River ?basin ?and ?combined ?with ?the implementation?plan?for?the?conservation?and?intensive?use?of?water?resources?in?the?basin,?the?per?capita?water consumption,?the?per?capita?water?resources,?and?the?surface?water?development?and?utilization?rate?was?selected?as water?resources?indicators.?Water?consumption?of?10,000?yuan?of?industrial?added?value,?water?consumption?of 10,000?yuan?of?GDP,?and?leakage?rate?of?urban?water?supply?network?was?selected?as?socio-economic?indicators. The?total?wastewater?discharge,?the?water?reuse?rate,?and?the?urban?sewage?treatment?rate?were?selected?as?ecological and?environmental?indicators.?A?total?of?17?indicators?were?used?to?build?an?evaluation?system?for?the?capacity?of water?resources?conservation?and?intensive?use?in?the?Yellow?River?basin.?The?principal?component?analysis?method and?the?entropy?value?method?were?used?to?calculate?the?capacity?of?water?resources?use?and?its?change?trend?in?the past?ten?years?(?from?2010?to?2020)?in?nine?provinces?and?regions. ??????The?calculation?results?show?that?the?water?conservation?and?intensive?use?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?and regions?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?decreased?first?and?then?increased.?Among?them,?the?water-saving?capacity?of Qinghai ?Province ?and ?Inner ?Mongolia ?Autonomous ?Region ?is ?fluctuating ?and ?increasing. ?Sichuan, ?Shaanxi, Shandong,?and?Henan?all?show?a?trend?of?decreasing?and?then?increasing.?The?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of Gansu,?Shanxi,?and?Ningxia?provinces?has?been?in?the?stage?of?increasing. ??????In?recent?years,?the?water?resources?utilization?capacity?of?the?nine?provinces?in?the?Yellow?River?basin?has?been on?the?increase?side,?indicating?that?the?policies?and?measures?enacted?by?China?to?build?a?water-saving?society?and to?protect?the?ecology?and?quality?development?of?the?basin?have?been?effective,?but?there?are?still?problems?such?as low?utilization?rates,?widespread?waste,?and?serious?soil?erosion.?Building?a?comprehensive?water-saving?society?still requires?measures?and?in-depth?implementation?of?the?decisions?of?the?Party?Central?Committee?to?sustain?the?long- term?survival?of?mankind.?For?example,?improving?the?efficiency?of?water?resources?use,?adjusting?the?industrial structure,?optimizing?the?allocation?of?water?resources,?improving?water?rights?and?prices?and?the?water?market, establishing?an?early?warning?mechanism?for?evaluating?the?carrying?capacity?of?water?resources,?and?strengthening water?resources?supervision?capacity.?The?study?provides?a?basis?for?promoting?the?transformation?of?water?use?in the?Yellow?River?basin?from?crude?and?inefficient?to?economical?and?intensive.
2023(4):742-750.
Abstract:
Floating?photovoltaic?is?a?system?where?traditional?photovoltaic?modules?are?placed?on?free?water,?such?as reservoirs,?lakes,?water?transfer?projects,?coal?mining?subsidence?area,?etc.?Through?the?shading?effect?of?modules and?other?components,?floating?photovoltaic?can?reduce?water?evaporation?and?it?has?great?potential?to?save?water?by suppressing?evaporation?after?large-scale?development.?In?recent?years,?a?large?number?of?studies?have?focused?on the?evaporation?theoretical?calculation?model?of?water?with?floating?photovoltaic?and?the?quantification?of?water- saving?benefits.?However,?there?are?few?studies?on?the?utilization?of?water-saving?by?suppressing?evaporation?of floating?photovoltaic.?How?to?reconfigure?the?above-mentioned?water-saving?to?achieve?the?optimal?utilization?of water?resources?is?an?urgent?problem?to?be?solved.?Due?to?climate?change?and?increased?competition?for?water resources,?wetlands?are?facing?serious?water?scarcity.?The?water?transfer?project?not?only?is?the?engineering?basis?of wetland?ecological?replenishment,?but?also?provides?a?broad?water?area?for?the?floating?photovoltaic?construction. Based?on?this,?the?aim?of?this?work?is?to?purpose?the?optimal?allocation?of?water-saving?by?suppressing?evaporation of?floating?photovoltaic?combined?with?wetland?ecological?water?supplement. ??????An ?optimization ?model ?was ?constructed ?with ?multiple ?objectives ?of ?maximizing ?the ?incremental ?value ?of dominant?species?in?wetlands,?maximizing?the?incremental?capacity?of?wetland?water?security?and?minimizing?the loss?of?water?use?benefits?in?water?sources,?and?the?genetic?algorithm?was?used?to?solve?the?model.?Based?on?the results ?of ?scenario ?simulation, ?the ?competition ?relationship ?between ?multiple ?objectives ?was ?revealed ?and suggestions?on?water?resource?allocation?for?wetland?ecological?water?replenishment?were?put?forward.?The?main canal?of?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?and?the?reservoir?along?it?were?taken?as?the water?area?for?floating?photovoltaic?construction.?A?case?study?was?conducted?with?Baiyangdian,?a?typical?wetland. ??????The?results?showed?that?when?the?floating?photovoltaic?covers?50%?of?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North Water?Transfers?Project,?the?annual?evaporation?inhibition?water?saving?amount?was?230?million?m 3.?The?economic value?of?reed?species?can?be?increased?by?50?million?yuan,?260?million?yuan?and?550?million?yuan,?and?the?water resource?security?ability?can?be?improved?by?61%,?42%?and?28%?under?the?scenario?of?low?and?medium?to?high water?supplement?demand.?At?the?same?time,?the?average?minimum?power?generation?loss?of?Danjiangkou?Reservoir in?wet,?normal?and?dry?years?was?25?million?kWh,?38?million?kWh?and?43?million?kWh.?According?to?the?situations under?different?wet?and?dry?scenarios?in?Baiyangdian?Wetland?and?Danjiangkou?Reservoir,?the?appropriate?water- saving?by?suppressing?evaporation?of?floating?photovoltaic?allocation?scheme?were?proposed?respectively.?When Baiyangdian?Wetland?has?low?water?replenishment?demand,?it?was?suggested?to?carry?out?ecological?replenishment with?high?flow?from?March?to?June?and?September.?When?Baiyangdian?Wetland?water?replenishment?demand?is medium?or?high,?the?recommended?period?of?high?flow?replenishment?was?from?October?to?February?or?March?to June. ??????It ?is ?showed ?that ?water-saving ?by ?suppressing ?evaporation ?of ?floating ?photovoltaic ?can ?play ?a ?key ?role ?in improving?wetland?ecological?water?supplement?work,?and?provided?a?new?idea?for?water-saving?by?suppressing evaporation?of?floating?photovoltaic?redistribution.
Floating?photovoltaic?is?a?system?where?traditional?photovoltaic?modules?are?placed?on?free?water,?such?as reservoirs,?lakes,?water?transfer?projects,?coal?mining?subsidence?area,?etc.?Through?the?shading?effect?of?modules and?other?components,?floating?photovoltaic?can?reduce?water?evaporation?and?it?has?great?potential?to?save?water?by suppressing?evaporation?after?large-scale?development.?In?recent?years,?a?large?number?of?studies?have?focused?on the?evaporation?theoretical?calculation?model?of?water?with?floating?photovoltaic?and?the?quantification?of?water- saving?benefits.?However,?there?are?few?studies?on?the?utilization?of?water-saving?by?suppressing?evaporation?of floating?photovoltaic.?How?to?reconfigure?the?above-mentioned?water-saving?to?achieve?the?optimal?utilization?of water?resources?is?an?urgent?problem?to?be?solved.?Due?to?climate?change?and?increased?competition?for?water resources,?wetlands?are?facing?serious?water?scarcity.?The?water?transfer?project?not?only?is?the?engineering?basis?of wetland?ecological?replenishment,?but?also?provides?a?broad?water?area?for?the?floating?photovoltaic?construction. Based?on?this,?the?aim?of?this?work?is?to?purpose?the?optimal?allocation?of?water-saving?by?suppressing?evaporation of?floating?photovoltaic?combined?with?wetland?ecological?water?supplement. ??????An ?optimization ?model ?was ?constructed ?with ?multiple ?objectives ?of ?maximizing ?the ?incremental ?value ?of dominant?species?in?wetlands,?maximizing?the?incremental?capacity?of?wetland?water?security?and?minimizing?the loss?of?water?use?benefits?in?water?sources,?and?the?genetic?algorithm?was?used?to?solve?the?model.?Based?on?the results ?of ?scenario ?simulation, ?the ?competition ?relationship ?between ?multiple ?objectives ?was ?revealed ?and suggestions?on?water?resource?allocation?for?wetland?ecological?water?replenishment?were?put?forward.?The?main canal?of?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?and?the?reservoir?along?it?were?taken?as?the water?area?for?floating?photovoltaic?construction.?A?case?study?was?conducted?with?Baiyangdian,?a?typical?wetland. ??????The?results?showed?that?when?the?floating?photovoltaic?covers?50%?of?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North Water?Transfers?Project,?the?annual?evaporation?inhibition?water?saving?amount?was?230?million?m 3.?The?economic value?of?reed?species?can?be?increased?by?50?million?yuan,?260?million?yuan?and?550?million?yuan,?and?the?water resource?security?ability?can?be?improved?by?61%,?42%?and?28%?under?the?scenario?of?low?and?medium?to?high water?supplement?demand.?At?the?same?time,?the?average?minimum?power?generation?loss?of?Danjiangkou?Reservoir in?wet,?normal?and?dry?years?was?25?million?kWh,?38?million?kWh?and?43?million?kWh.?According?to?the?situations under?different?wet?and?dry?scenarios?in?Baiyangdian?Wetland?and?Danjiangkou?Reservoir,?the?appropriate?water- saving?by?suppressing?evaporation?of?floating?photovoltaic?allocation?scheme?were?proposed?respectively.?When Baiyangdian?Wetland?has?low?water?replenishment?demand,?it?was?suggested?to?carry?out?ecological?replenishment with?high?flow?from?March?to?June?and?September.?When?Baiyangdian?Wetland?water?replenishment?demand?is medium?or?high,?the?recommended?period?of?high?flow?replenishment?was?from?October?to?February?or?March?to June. ??????It ?is ?showed ?that ?water-saving ?by ?suppressing ?evaporation ?of ?floating ?photovoltaic ?can ?play ?a ?key ?role ?in improving?wetland?ecological?water?supplement?work,?and?provided?a?new?idea?for?water-saving?by?suppressing evaporation?of?floating?photovoltaic?redistribution.
2023(4):751-760.
Abstract:
Northwest?China?is?a?strategic?reserve?area?for?China’s?agriculture?production.?There?are?many?key agricultural?production?areas?like?“the?northwest?breadbasket（Hexi?Corridor）”，?“the?abundant?place?outside the?Great?Wall?(Ningxia?Plain)”,?and?“the?granary?beyond?the?Great?Wall（Hetao?Plain）”,?produce?12%?of?the country's?grain?with?10%?of?the?country's?water?resources?and?15%?of?the?grain?planting?area.?With?the?rapid growth?of?urbanization?and?regional?trade,?the?pattern?of?grain?transpotation?from?the?north?to?the?south?has?gradually changed,?and?thus?northwest?China's?role?in?ensuring?national?food?security?has?become?increasingly?prominent. However,?northwest?China?is?the?most?water-scarce?place.?The?total?amount?of?water?resources?in?this?region?only accounts?for?5.7%?of?the?national?total,?and?the?amount?of?water?resources?per?unit?area?is?only?15%?of?the?national average.?But?agricultural?irrigation?water?in?this?area?accounts?for?more?than?80%?of?total?local?water?consumption, which?is?1.23?times?that?of?China.?The?shortage?and?waste?of?water?resources?in?the?region?seriously?restrict?the sustainable?development?of?agriculture.?Therefore,?optimizing?water?allocation,?adjusting?crop?planting?structure, and?maximizing?economic?and?ecological?benefits?have?important?practical?significance?for?promoting?the?efficient use?of?water?resources?and?sustainable?development?of?agriculture?in?this?region.?Based?on?the?climate?data?of?205 stations ?in ?northwest ?China ?from ?2000 ?to ?2020, ?the ?water ?footprint ?model ?was ?used ?to ?analyze ?the ?evolution characteristics?of?water?consumption?of?main?crops?in?northwest?China.?A?multi-objective?planning?model?with constraints?of?cultivated?land?resources,?water?resources,?and?food?security?is?constructed?to?optimize?the?planting structure?to?minimize?water?consumption,?ecological?security,?and?economic?benefits?maximization.?Results?showed that?(1)?from?2000?to?2020,?the?yield?of?main?crops?increased?by?1.40?times?(from?70?million?tons?in?2000?to?168 million?tons?in?2020)?and?the?planting?area?increased?by?0.24?times?(from?14.49?million?hm2?in?2000?to?17.98?million hm2?in?2020)?in?northwest?China.?The?planting?structure?developed?from?specialization?to?diversification,?and?the planting?proportion?of?food?crops?and?cash?crops?changed?from?2∶1?to?1∶1.?(2)?The?total?water?footprint?of?crop production?increased?from?83.87?billion?m3?to?110.91?billion?m3.?The?total?blue?water?footprint?increased?by?about 1.31?times,?and?the?total?green?water?footprint?increased?by?5.94?billion?m3.?(3)?Although?global?warming?has increased?precipitation?in?the?arid?northwest?region?and?alleviated?agricultural?water?consumption?in?the?region. However,?the?proportion?of?the?total?blue?water?footprint?to?the?total?water?footprint?of?crop?production?remains between?72.94%?and?81.55%,?which?reflects?that?agricultural?production?in?northwest?China?faced?huge?pressure on ?water ?resources. ?(4) ?By ?adjusting ?the ?crop ?planting ?structure, ?appropriately ?increase ?the ?planting ?area ?of vegetables,?potatoes,?and?beans?by?1?405.93?×103?hm2,?18.63×103?hm2,?and?3.40×103?hm2,?and?reduce?the?planting area?of?other?crops.?To?effectively?alleviate?the?pressure?of?the?current?agricultural?water?shortage?while?ensuring economic?benefits,?to?ensure?regional?water?security?and?ecological?security,?10.73?billion?m3?of?blue?water?resources could?be?saved,?the?ecological?benefits?could?be?increased?by?4.25%?and?the?economic?benefits?could?be?increased by?47.074?billion?yuan.?The?research?conclusion?could?provide?technical?and?decision-making?support?for?the?green and?high-quality?development?of?agriculture?in?the?northwest?arid?area.aking?support?for?the?green?and?high-quality development?of?agriculture?in?the?northwest?arid?area.
Northwest?China?is?a?strategic?reserve?area?for?China’s?agriculture?production.?There?are?many?key agricultural?production?areas?like?“the?northwest?breadbasket（Hexi?Corridor）”，?“the?abundant?place?outside the?Great?Wall?(Ningxia?Plain)”,?and?“the?granary?beyond?the?Great?Wall（Hetao?Plain）”,?produce?12%?of?the country's?grain?with?10%?of?the?country's?water?resources?and?15%?of?the?grain?planting?area.?With?the?rapid growth?of?urbanization?and?regional?trade,?the?pattern?of?grain?transpotation?from?the?north?to?the?south?has?gradually changed,?and?thus?northwest?China's?role?in?ensuring?national?food?security?has?become?increasingly?prominent. However,?northwest?China?is?the?most?water-scarce?place.?The?total?amount?of?water?resources?in?this?region?only accounts?for?5.7%?of?the?national?total,?and?the?amount?of?water?resources?per?unit?area?is?only?15%?of?the?national average.?But?agricultural?irrigation?water?in?this?area?accounts?for?more?than?80%?of?total?local?water?consumption, which?is?1.23?times?that?of?China.?The?shortage?and?waste?of?water?resources?in?the?region?seriously?restrict?the sustainable?development?of?agriculture.?Therefore,?optimizing?water?allocation,?adjusting?crop?planting?structure, and?maximizing?economic?and?ecological?benefits?have?important?practical?significance?for?promoting?the?efficient use?of?water?resources?and?sustainable?development?of?agriculture?in?this?region.?Based?on?the?climate?data?of?205 stations ?in ?northwest ?China ?from ?2000 ?to ?2020, ?the ?water ?footprint ?model ?was ?used ?to ?analyze ?the ?evolution characteristics?of?water?consumption?of?main?crops?in?northwest?China.?A?multi-objective?planning?model?with constraints?of?cultivated?land?resources,?water?resources,?and?food?security?is?constructed?to?optimize?the?planting structure?to?minimize?water?consumption,?ecological?security,?and?economic?benefits?maximization.?Results?showed that?(1)?from?2000?to?2020,?the?yield?of?main?crops?increased?by?1.40?times?(from?70?million?tons?in?2000?to?168 million?tons?in?2020)?and?the?planting?area?increased?by?0.24?times?(from?14.49?million?hm2?in?2000?to?17.98?million hm2?in?2020)?in?northwest?China.?The?planting?structure?developed?from?specialization?to?diversification,?and?the planting?proportion?of?food?crops?and?cash?crops?changed?from?2∶1?to?1∶1.?(2)?The?total?water?footprint?of?crop production?increased?from?83.87?billion?m3?to?110.91?billion?m3.?The?total?blue?water?footprint?increased?by?about 1.31?times,?and?the?total?green?water?footprint?increased?by?5.94?billion?m3.?(3)?Although?global?warming?has increased?precipitation?in?the?arid?northwest?region?and?alleviated?agricultural?water?consumption?in?the?region. However,?the?proportion?of?the?total?blue?water?footprint?to?the?total?water?footprint?of?crop?production?remains between?72.94%?and?81.55%,?which?reflects?that?agricultural?production?in?northwest?China?faced?huge?pressure on ?water ?resources. ?(4) ?By ?adjusting ?the ?crop ?planting ?structure, ?appropriately ?increase ?the ?planting ?area ?of vegetables,?potatoes,?and?beans?by?1?405.93?×103?hm2,?18.63×103?hm2,?and?3.40×103?hm2,?and?reduce?the?planting area?of?other?crops.?To?effectively?alleviate?the?pressure?of?the?current?agricultural?water?shortage?while?ensuring economic?benefits,?to?ensure?regional?water?security?and?ecological?security,?10.73?billion?m3?of?blue?water?resources could?be?saved,?the?ecological?benefits?could?be?increased?by?4.25%?and?the?economic?benefits?could?be?increased by?47.074?billion?yuan.?The?research?conclusion?could?provide?technical?and?decision-making?support?for?the?green and?high-quality?development?of?agriculture?in?the?northwest?arid?area.aking?support?for?the?green?and?high-quality development?of?agriculture?in?the?northwest?arid?area.
2023(4):761-769.
Abstract:
Under?the?combined?effect?of?global?warming?and?human?activities,?the?terrestrial?energy?budget?and?the hydrological ?cycle ?have ?undergone ?great ?changes. ?These ?changes ?have ?aggravated ?the ?uneven ?spatiotemporal distribution?of?water?resources,?resulting?in?significant?alteration?in?flow?regimes.?The?analysis?of?runoff?evolution and?their?attribution?under?changing?environment?has?become?a?hot?topic.?The?upper?Han?River?basin?is?the?water source ?of ?the ?Middle ?Route ?of ?South-North ?Water ?Transfers ?Project ?and ?the ?pilot ?basin ?of ?the ?strictest ?water resources?management?system?in?China.?The?attribution?study?of?runoff?evolution?in?the?upper?Han?River?basin?can help?strengthen?water?resources?protection?and?integrated?management. ??????The?Mann-Kendall?test?was?used?to?detect?the?abrupt?change?points?of?three?runoff?signatures,?i.e.,?annual?mean runoff,?mean?stream?flows?in?the?wet?and?dry?seasons,?at?the?Ankang?and?Baihe?hydrological?stations?based?on?the hydrometeorological?data?including?temperature,?precipitation?and?runoff?from?1961?to?2020.?The?multiple?log- transformed ?linear ?regression ?models ?(MLLR) ?were ?built ?for ?investigating ?the ?relationships ?between ?runoff signatures, ?annual ?runoff ?and ?climate ?metrics ?and ?the ?differential ?equation ?was ?derived. ?Then ?an ?integrated framework?involving?extended?Budyko?equation?was?developed?and?differential?equation?was?derived?to?distinguish the?individual?impact?of?climate?change?and?catchment?change?on?multiple?runoff?signatures?for?interpreting?their evolution.?Meanwhile,?the?proposed?methodology?is?validated?with?the?observed?and?simulated?values?based?on hydrological?models. ??????The?abrupt?year?of?the?mean?runoff?in?dry?seasons?at?Ankang?station?was?1972,?and?the?breakpoints?of?both?mean annual?runoff,?mean?runoff?in?wet?seasons?occurred?in?1990.?The?results?of?Baihe?station?detected?by?change-point detection?technique?was?consistent?with?that?of?Ankang?station.?To?maintain?the?consistency?of?the?pre-?and?post- periods?of?each?station,?the?abrupt?years?are?obtained?by?averaging?the?abrupt?years?of?the?individual?signature?series. Therefore,?the?average?abrupt?year?of?both?stations?was?1984.?After?the?variation,?the?mean?annual?runoff?at?each station ?decreased ?significantly ?by ?23.39%?and ?23.18%?respectively. ?The ?precipitation ?decreased ?by ?7.07%?and 6.17%?respectively.?There?was?a?slight?decrease?in?potential?evapotranspiration.?The?mean?runoff?in?wet?and?dry seasons?decreased?26.43%?and?26.04%?respectively. ??????The?multi-correlation?coefficients?of?runoff?signatures?in?wet?and?dry?seasons?were?0.99?and?0.93?at?Ankang station?and?0.99?and?0.92?at?Baihe?station?respectively,?and?the?average?multi-correlation?coefficients?were?0.96?for both?stations.?The?relative?bias?of?all?runoff?signatures?was?within?±1%,?indicating?that?the?nonlinear?relationships between?runoff?signatures?and?climate?parameters?were?well?captured?by?the?MLLR?model?and?it?demonstrated robust?performance?in?estimating?the?runoff?signatures.?Both?forward?and?backward?approximations,?the?generally used ?total ?differential ?methods ?within ?Budyko's ?theory, ?usually ?lead ?to ?some ?unaccounted ?difference ?in ?the estimation?of?the?change?in?the?mean?runoff,?while?the?complementary?relationship?method?can?accurately?partition the?effects?of?climate?change?and?catchment?changes?on?runoff?signatures.?The?contribution?to?runoff?signatures?from climate?change?at?Ankang?station?ranged?from??71.12%?to??34.58%,?and?that?of?Baihe?station?ranged?from??35.11% to??26.29%.?The?average?absolute?values?of?the?contribution?to?runoff?signatures?from?climate?change?were?35.36%, 30.43%?and?53.11%?for?each?station?respectively.?The?Kling-Gupta?efficiency?equals?0.86?and?0.94?in?the?ABCD model?calibration?and?validation?periods?respectively,?which?shows?that?it?can?simulate?monthly?runoff?in?the?upper Han?River?basin?well.?The?observed?and?simulated?values?based?on?ABCD?model?for?partitioning?the?contributions of?climate?change?and?catchment?change?are?close?to?that?derived?by?the?extended?Budyko?method.
Under?the?combined?effect?of?global?warming?and?human?activities,?the?terrestrial?energy?budget?and?the hydrological ?cycle ?have ?undergone ?great ?changes. ?These ?changes ?have ?aggravated ?the ?uneven ?spatiotemporal distribution?of?water?resources,?resulting?in?significant?alteration?in?flow?regimes.?The?analysis?of?runoff?evolution and?their?attribution?under?changing?environment?has?become?a?hot?topic.?The?upper?Han?River?basin?is?the?water source ?of ?the ?Middle ?Route ?of ?South-North ?Water ?Transfers ?Project ?and ?the ?pilot ?basin ?of ?the ?strictest ?water resources?management?system?in?China.?The?attribution?study?of?runoff?evolution?in?the?upper?Han?River?basin?can help?strengthen?water?resources?protection?and?integrated?management. ??????The?Mann-Kendall?test?was?used?to?detect?the?abrupt?change?points?of?three?runoff?signatures,?i.e.,?annual?mean runoff,?mean?stream?flows?in?the?wet?and?dry?seasons,?at?the?Ankang?and?Baihe?hydrological?stations?based?on?the hydrometeorological?data?including?temperature,?precipitation?and?runoff?from?1961?to?2020.?The?multiple?log- transformed ?linear ?regression ?models ?(MLLR) ?were ?built ?for ?investigating ?the ?relationships ?between ?runoff signatures, ?annual ?runoff ?and ?climate ?metrics ?and ?the ?differential ?equation ?was ?derived. ?Then ?an ?integrated framework?involving?extended?Budyko?equation?was?developed?and?differential?equation?was?derived?to?distinguish the?individual?impact?of?climate?change?and?catchment?change?on?multiple?runoff?signatures?for?interpreting?their evolution.?Meanwhile,?the?proposed?methodology?is?validated?with?the?observed?and?simulated?values?based?on hydrological?models. ??????The?abrupt?year?of?the?mean?runoff?in?dry?seasons?at?Ankang?station?was?1972,?and?the?breakpoints?of?both?mean annual?runoff,?mean?runoff?in?wet?seasons?occurred?in?1990.?The?results?of?Baihe?station?detected?by?change-point detection?technique?was?consistent?with?that?of?Ankang?station.?To?maintain?the?consistency?of?the?pre-?and?post- periods?of?each?station,?the?abrupt?years?are?obtained?by?averaging?the?abrupt?years?of?the?individual?signature?series. Therefore,?the?average?abrupt?year?of?both?stations?was?1984.?After?the?variation,?the?mean?annual?runoff?at?each station ?decreased ?significantly ?by ?23.39%?and ?23.18%?respectively. ?The ?precipitation ?decreased ?by ?7.07%?and 6.17%?respectively.?There?was?a?slight?decrease?in?potential?evapotranspiration.?The?mean?runoff?in?wet?and?dry seasons?decreased?26.43%?and?26.04%?respectively. ??????The?multi-correlation?coefficients?of?runoff?signatures?in?wet?and?dry?seasons?were?0.99?and?0.93?at?Ankang station?and?0.99?and?0.92?at?Baihe?station?respectively,?and?the?average?multi-correlation?coefficients?were?0.96?for both?stations.?The?relative?bias?of?all?runoff?signatures?was?within?±1%,?indicating?that?the?nonlinear?relationships between?runoff?signatures?and?climate?parameters?were?well?captured?by?the?MLLR?model?and?it?demonstrated robust?performance?in?estimating?the?runoff?signatures.?Both?forward?and?backward?approximations,?the?generally used ?total ?differential ?methods ?within ?Budyko's ?theory, ?usually ?lead ?to ?some ?unaccounted ?difference ?in ?the estimation?of?the?change?in?the?mean?runoff,?while?the?complementary?relationship?method?can?accurately?partition the?effects?of?climate?change?and?catchment?changes?on?runoff?signatures.?The?contribution?to?runoff?signatures?from climate?change?at?Ankang?station?ranged?from??71.12%?to??34.58%,?and?that?of?Baihe?station?ranged?from??35.11% to??26.29%.?The?average?absolute?values?of?the?contribution?to?runoff?signatures?from?climate?change?were?35.36%, 30.43%?and?53.11%?for?each?station?respectively.?The?Kling-Gupta?efficiency?equals?0.86?and?0.94?in?the?ABCD model?calibration?and?validation?periods?respectively,?which?shows?that?it?can?simulate?monthly?runoff?in?the?upper Han?River?basin?well.?The?observed?and?simulated?values?based?on?ABCD?model?for?partitioning?the?contributions of?climate?change?and?catchment?change?are?close?to?that?derived?by?the?extended?Budyko?method.
2023(4):770-779.
Abstract:
With?the?development?of?urbanization,?the?natural?hydrological?cycle?has?been?affected?and?the?natural storage?capacity?of?the?urban?river?network?has?been?weakened,?making?the?city?more?prone?to?flooding.. ??????For ?the ?typical ?tide-sensitive ?river ?network ?area ?with ?frequent ?flooding ?and ?increasingly ?serious ?water environment?pollution,?an?urban?hydrological?model?and?a?one-dimensional?river?network?hydrodynamic?model were?developed?and?coupled?based?on?InfoWorks?ICM?for?the?Longjin?Yangqi?area?in?Cangshan?District,?Fuzhou City.?The?model?parameters?were?calibrated?using?the?measured?rainfall?and?river?level?data?on?June?14,?2022,?with?a Nash?efficiency?coefficient?of?0.78?and?a?flood?error?of?about?1.5%.?Designed?and?simulated?3?types?of?sunny working?conditions?and?3?kinds?of?"Lupi"?typhoon?rainy?day?working?conditions.?The?tide?level?of?the?sunny?day scenario?was?selected?by?the?tide?level?eigenvalue?method,?with?March?18,?2021,?as?the?typical?tide?level?of?the?Min River?and?January?27,?2021,?as?the?typical?tide?level?of?the?Wulong?River?for?the?sunny?day?scenario.?The?rain scenario?used?the?rainfall?and?tide?level?of?typhoon?"Lupi"?on?August?5,?2021.?The?average?flow?velocity?of?river network?VA?was?considered?in?the?sunny?day?scenario,?and?the?average?over-alarm?time?TA?was?considered?in?the rainy?day?scenario,?and?the?simulation?results?of?different?conditions?were?analyzed?in?different?scenarios. ??????The?results?show?that?the?flow?velocity?of?the?river?network?in?the?whole?area?reached?0.751,?0.96,?1.159,?and 1.250?m/s?under?no?regulation?and?3?working?conditions,?respectively,?and?the?average?flow?velocity?of?the?river network?increased?gradually?from?no?regulation?to?working?condition?3,?with?a?total?increase?of?0.499?m/s.?The results ?meet ?the ?suitable ?ecological ?flow ?velocity ?in ?the ?hamlet ?area, ?and ?the ?river ?hydrodynamics ?improved significantly.?Under?3?kinds?of?rainy?day?working?condition?regulation,?the?average?over-warning?time?at?the?key section?of?the?river?network?was?reduced?by?31.19%,?54.13%,?and?73.09%,?respectively,?compared?with?the?original condition. ??????The?hydrodynamic?model?of?the?river?network?in?the?urban?area?was?constructed?based?on?InfoWorks?ICM,?and the?coupling?between?the?urban?hydrological?process?and?the?river?network?confluence?process?was?realized.?The average?Nash?efficiency?coefficient?was?0.78,?indicating?that?the?model?is?suitable?for?simulating?and?analyzing?the river?network?scenarios?in?the?area.?The?average?flow?velocity?of?the?river?network?increased?gradually?from?no regulation?to?working?condition?3?on?sunny?days,?with?a?total?increase?of?0.499?m/s.?The?results?met?the?suitable ecological?flow?velocity?in?Kurama?District,?and?the?river?hydrodynamics?improved?significantly.?Rainy?day?"Lupi" typhoon?scenario?from?the?original?regulation?of?working?conditions?to?working?conditions?3,?the?average?over-alarm time?of?key?sections?gradually?reduced?a?total?reduction?of?238?min,?an?overall?decrease?of?73%.?The?improvement program?to?the?original?program?of?river?flood?control?and?drainage?effect?is?obvious.?Constructing?the?coupled hydrological-hydraulic?model?of?the?river?network?and?the?preferred?working?conditions?can?provide?a?decision?basis for?the?formulation?of?the?plan?to?further?improve?the?hydrodynamics?of?the?river?network?and?urban?flooding prevention?and?control?capacity?in?the?Cangshan?district,?and?can?also?provide?a?reference?for?other?similar?studies.
With?the?development?of?urbanization,?the?natural?hydrological?cycle?has?been?affected?and?the?natural storage?capacity?of?the?urban?river?network?has?been?weakened,?making?the?city?more?prone?to?flooding.. ??????For ?the ?typical ?tide-sensitive ?river ?network ?area ?with ?frequent ?flooding ?and ?increasingly ?serious ?water environment?pollution,?an?urban?hydrological?model?and?a?one-dimensional?river?network?hydrodynamic?model were?developed?and?coupled?based?on?InfoWorks?ICM?for?the?Longjin?Yangqi?area?in?Cangshan?District,?Fuzhou City.?The?model?parameters?were?calibrated?using?the?measured?rainfall?and?river?level?data?on?June?14,?2022,?with?a Nash?efficiency?coefficient?of?0.78?and?a?flood?error?of?about?1.5%.?Designed?and?simulated?3?types?of?sunny working?conditions?and?3?kinds?of?"Lupi"?typhoon?rainy?day?working?conditions.?The?tide?level?of?the?sunny?day scenario?was?selected?by?the?tide?level?eigenvalue?method,?with?March?18,?2021,?as?the?typical?tide?level?of?the?Min River?and?January?27,?2021,?as?the?typical?tide?level?of?the?Wulong?River?for?the?sunny?day?scenario.?The?rain scenario?used?the?rainfall?and?tide?level?of?typhoon?"Lupi"?on?August?5,?2021.?The?average?flow?velocity?of?river network?VA?was?considered?in?the?sunny?day?scenario,?and?the?average?over-alarm?time?TA?was?considered?in?the rainy?day?scenario,?and?the?simulation?results?of?different?conditions?were?analyzed?in?different?scenarios. ??????The?results?show?that?the?flow?velocity?of?the?river?network?in?the?whole?area?reached?0.751,?0.96,?1.159,?and 1.250?m/s?under?no?regulation?and?3?working?conditions,?respectively,?and?the?average?flow?velocity?of?the?river network?increased?gradually?from?no?regulation?to?working?condition?3,?with?a?total?increase?of?0.499?m/s.?The results ?meet ?the ?suitable ?ecological ?flow ?velocity ?in ?the ?hamlet ?area, ?and ?the ?river ?hydrodynamics ?improved significantly.?Under?3?kinds?of?rainy?day?working?condition?regulation,?the?average?over-warning?time?at?the?key section?of?the?river?network?was?reduced?by?31.19%,?54.13%,?and?73.09%,?respectively,?compared?with?the?original condition. ??????The?hydrodynamic?model?of?the?river?network?in?the?urban?area?was?constructed?based?on?InfoWorks?ICM,?and the?coupling?between?the?urban?hydrological?process?and?the?river?network?confluence?process?was?realized.?The average?Nash?efficiency?coefficient?was?0.78,?indicating?that?the?model?is?suitable?for?simulating?and?analyzing?the river?network?scenarios?in?the?area.?The?average?flow?velocity?of?the?river?network?increased?gradually?from?no regulation?to?working?condition?3?on?sunny?days,?with?a?total?increase?of?0.499?m/s.?The?results?met?the?suitable ecological?flow?velocity?in?Kurama?District,?and?the?river?hydrodynamics?improved?significantly.?Rainy?day?"Lupi" typhoon?scenario?from?the?original?regulation?of?working?conditions?to?working?conditions?3,?the?average?over-alarm time?of?key?sections?gradually?reduced?a?total?reduction?of?238?min,?an?overall?decrease?of?73%.?The?improvement program?to?the?original?program?of?river?flood?control?and?drainage?effect?is?obvious.?Constructing?the?coupled hydrological-hydraulic?model?of?the?river?network?and?the?preferred?working?conditions?can?provide?a?decision?basis for?the?formulation?of?the?plan?to?further?improve?the?hydrodynamics?of?the?river?network?and?urban?flooding prevention?and?control?capacity?in?the?Cangshan?district,?and?can?also?provide?a?reference?for?other?similar?studies.
2023(4):780-789.
Abstract:
It?is?of?great?significance?to?breakthrough?the?"last?mile"?system?construction?in?the?most?stringent?water resources ?management ?by ?disaggregating ?the ?provincial ?total ?water ?use ?control ?index ?into ?prefecture-level ?city administrative ?units. ?Taking ?Jilin ?Province ?as ?an ?example, ?the ?initial ?allocation ?system ?of ?the ?total ?water consumption?control?index?at?the?“province-city”?level?was?established?by?combining?the?level?of?social?and economic?development?and?water?resources?conditions?in?various?regions.?Then,?the?hierarchical?identification?of water?demand?in?each?prefecture-level?city?was?carried?out?based?on?Maslow’s?demand?theory.?On?this?basis,?the provincial?total?water?consumption?control?index?was?decomposed?into?prefecture-level?cities?using?the?improved bankruptcy ?theory. ?Four ?indexes ?of ?population-total ?water ?consumption ?Gini ?coefficient, ?GDP-total ?water consumption?Gini?coefficient,?per?capita?comprehensive?water?consumption?and?water?consumption?per?10,000?yuan GDP?were?selected?to?evaluate?the?social?and?economic?stability?of?the?provincial?and?municipal?levels. ??????The?results?showed?that?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?method?had?high?applicability?in?the?decomposition?of provincial?total?water?consumption?control?indicators.?The?decomposition?results?of?total?water?consumption?control indicators?were?in?line?with?the?future?development?trend?of?water?consumption?in?various?prefecture-level?cities, which?solved?the?problem?of?unreasonable?water?distribution?of?small?users?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory method.?The?decomposition?indicators?could?meet?the?rigid?water?demand?of?regional?development?and?effectively improve?the?fairness?and?stability?of?regional?water?consumption.?Specifically?reflected?in：?①?compared?with?the actual?decomposition?scheme?in?2020,?the?stability?of?the?matching?degree?between?population?and?total?water consumption?and?GDP?and?total?water?consumption?in?Jilin?Province?increased?by?11.03%?and?9.97%,?respectively. Among?the?nine?prefecture-level?cities,?the?water?consumption?level?of?eight?prefecture-level?cities?had?improved, and?only?Siping?City?had?reduced?the?water?consumption?level?by?31.8%?due?to?the?mismatch?between?the?future development ?trend ?and ?the ?population ?change ?trend. ?The ?water ?use ?efficiency ?of ?seven ?prefecture-level ?cities increased?by?more?than?10%,?and?the?water?consumption?efficiency?of?two?prefecture-level?cities?decreased?due?to the?backwardness?of?their?industrial?structure.?②?Compared?with?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory?decomposition scheme,?the?stability?of?the?matching?degree?between?population?and?total?water?consumption?and?the?stability?of?the matching?degree?between?GDP?and?total?water?consumption?in?Jilin?Province?increased?by?33.77%?and?18.32%, respectively.?Among?the?nine?prefecture-level?cities,?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?method?considered?multiple indicators?other?than?the?water?demand?index?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory,?and?the?final?water?consumption level?and?water?consumption?efficiency?changes?of?each?prefecture-level?city?were?more?reasonable. ??????The?problem?of?unreasonable?water?distribution?of?small?and?medium-sized?users?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy theory?was?solved?by?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?proposed,?which?provided?a?reference?method?for?water administrative?departments?at?all?levels?to?carry?out?refined?water?management.?At?the?same?time,?it?had?certain technical?value?in?improving?the?strictest?water?resources?management?system.
It?is?of?great?significance?to?breakthrough?the?"last?mile"?system?construction?in?the?most?stringent?water resources ?management ?by ?disaggregating ?the ?provincial ?total ?water ?use ?control ?index ?into ?prefecture-level ?city administrative ?units. ?Taking ?Jilin ?Province ?as ?an ?example, ?the ?initial ?allocation ?system ?of ?the ?total ?water consumption?control?index?at?the?“province-city”?level?was?established?by?combining?the?level?of?social?and economic?development?and?water?resources?conditions?in?various?regions.?Then,?the?hierarchical?identification?of water?demand?in?each?prefecture-level?city?was?carried?out?based?on?Maslow’s?demand?theory.?On?this?basis,?the provincial?total?water?consumption?control?index?was?decomposed?into?prefecture-level?cities?using?the?improved bankruptcy ?theory. ?Four ?indexes ?of ?population-total ?water ?consumption ?Gini ?coefficient, ?GDP-total ?water consumption?Gini?coefficient,?per?capita?comprehensive?water?consumption?and?water?consumption?per?10,000?yuan GDP?were?selected?to?evaluate?the?social?and?economic?stability?of?the?provincial?and?municipal?levels. ??????The?results?showed?that?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?method?had?high?applicability?in?the?decomposition?of provincial?total?water?consumption?control?indicators.?The?decomposition?results?of?total?water?consumption?control indicators?were?in?line?with?the?future?development?trend?of?water?consumption?in?various?prefecture-level?cities, which?solved?the?problem?of?unreasonable?water?distribution?of?small?users?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory method.?The?decomposition?indicators?could?meet?the?rigid?water?demand?of?regional?development?and?effectively improve?the?fairness?and?stability?of?regional?water?consumption.?Specifically?reflected?in：?①?compared?with?the actual?decomposition?scheme?in?2020,?the?stability?of?the?matching?degree?between?population?and?total?water consumption?and?GDP?and?total?water?consumption?in?Jilin?Province?increased?by?11.03%?and?9.97%,?respectively. Among?the?nine?prefecture-level?cities,?the?water?consumption?level?of?eight?prefecture-level?cities?had?improved, and?only?Siping?City?had?reduced?the?water?consumption?level?by?31.8%?due?to?the?mismatch?between?the?future development ?trend ?and ?the ?population ?change ?trend. ?The ?water ?use ?efficiency ?of ?seven ?prefecture-level ?cities increased?by?more?than?10%,?and?the?water?consumption?efficiency?of?two?prefecture-level?cities?decreased?due?to the?backwardness?of?their?industrial?structure.?②?Compared?with?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory?decomposition scheme,?the?stability?of?the?matching?degree?between?population?and?total?water?consumption?and?the?stability?of?the matching?degree?between?GDP?and?total?water?consumption?in?Jilin?Province?increased?by?33.77%?and?18.32%, respectively.?Among?the?nine?prefecture-level?cities,?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?method?considered?multiple indicators?other?than?the?water?demand?index?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy?theory,?and?the?final?water?consumption level?and?water?consumption?efficiency?changes?of?each?prefecture-level?city?were?more?reasonable. ??????The?problem?of?unreasonable?water?distribution?of?small?and?medium-sized?users?in?the?traditional?bankruptcy theory?was?solved?by?the?improved?bankruptcy?theory?proposed,?which?provided?a?reference?method?for?water administrative?departments?at?all?levels?to?carry?out?refined?water?management.?At?the?same?time,?it?had?certain technical?value?in?improving?the?strictest?water?resources?management?system.
2023(4):790-799.
Abstract:
The ?Middle ?Route ?of ?South-to-North ?Water ?Transfers ?Project ?(MRSWTP) ?is ?a ?major ?strategic infrastructure?to?alleviate?the?serious?shortage?of?water?resources?in?northern?China.?The?first?phase?of?the?MRSWTP has?been?put?into?operation?since?2014.?By?the?8th?anniversary?of?the?operation?of?the?MRSWTP?on?December?12, 2022,?the?cumulative?water?inflow?from?the?head?of?the?Taocha?Canal?has?exceeded?53?billion?m 3,?with?a?direct beneficiary?population?of?more?than?85?million?people.?Thus,?the?completion?and?operation?of?the?Middle?Route?of South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?(MRSWTP)?have?significantly?improved?the?water?resources?conditions?and water?supply?guarantee?degree?of?the?cities?in?the?water?receiving?area?of?the?middle?route,?and?achieved?great?social and?economic?benefits.?In?the?face?of?the?needs?of?the?national?development?strategy?in?the?new?era,?the?supply?and demand ?sides ?of ?the ?water ?resources ?allocation ?of ?the ?MRSWTP ?have ?changed. ?On ?the ?one ?hand, ?with ?the coordinated?development?of?Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei?and?the?construction?of?Xiong'an?New?Area,?the?water?supply objects?and?scope?of?the?MRSWTP?have?been?expanded?and?adjusted,?and?the?water?transferred?from?the?MRSWTP has?become?the?main?water?source?of?large?and?medium-sized?urban?areas?along?the?Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei?line.?The current?change?of?water?supply?situation?puts?forward?new?water?transfer?requirements?for?the?MRSWTP?in?terms?of water?quantity?and?water?supply?guarantee.?On?the?other?hand,?the?inter-annual?variation?of?the?incoming?water?from the?Hanjiang?River?basin?is?large,?which?has?affected?the?water?supply?guarantee?of?the?Danjiangkou?Reservoir.?With the?commencement?of?the?construction?of?the?water?diversion?project?from?Three?Gorges?Reservoir?to?Hanjiang River?(WDP-TH),?it?is?very?necessary?to?carry?out?the?research?on?the?joint?operation?mode?of?the?Danjiangkou Reservoir?and?the?WDP-TH. ??????Based ?on ?the ?design ?parameters ?of ?the ?WDP-TH, ?the ?adjustable ?water ?volume ?of ?the ?MRSWTP ?after ?the implementation?of?the?WDP-TH?is?analyzed?and?four?research?schemes?are?put?forward?as?follows:?(1)?Scheme?1, the?current?water?supply?operating?scenario?of?the?Danjiangkou?Reservoir,?which?is?the?benchmark?scheme;?(2) Scheme?2,?the?WDP-TH?starts?to?transfer?water?when?the?reservoir?release?can?not?satisfy?the?minimum?discharge flow?requirements?of?the?downstream?section;?(3)?Scheme?3,?the?water?transfer?control?line?of?the?WDP-TH?is?added in ?the ?water ?supply ?operating ?curves ?of ?the ?Danjiangkou ?Reservoir, ?and ?water ?transfers ?rules ?of ?Taocha ?are optimized?synchronously;?and?(4)?Scheme?4,?the?WDP-TH?continuously?transfers?water?to?the?middle?and?lower reaches?of?the?Hanjiang?River?throughout?the?year,?and?the?transfers?flow?of?the?Taocha?is?420?m3/s. ??????The?results?show?that?the?effective?connection?between?the?water?supply?of?Danjiangkou?Reservoir?and?the?water supply?decision?of?the?water?transfers?project?can?be?realized?by?two?schemes,?i.e.,?Scheme?3?and?Scheme?4,?both?of which?can?effectively?use?the?water?transfers?of?the?WDP-TH?to?increase?the?available?water?supply?volume?of?the MRSWTP?(the?increment?is?1.77?billion?m3?to?2.58?billion?m3.)?and?reduce?the?reservoir?waste?water?(the?decrease?is 10.5?billion?m3?to?14.8?billion?m3)?on?the?premise?of?ensuring?the?water?demand?of?the?middle?and?lower?reaches?of the?Hanjiang?River. ??????This?research?can?provide?technical?support?for?the?adjustment?of?the?water?transfer?mode?of?the?MRSWTP?after the?completion?of?the?WDP-TH?in?the?future,?and?realize?effective?connection?between?the?above?two?projects.
The ?Middle ?Route ?of ?South-to-North ?Water ?Transfers ?Project ?(MRSWTP) ?is ?a ?major ?strategic infrastructure?to?alleviate?the?serious?shortage?of?water?resources?in?northern?China.?The?first?phase?of?the?MRSWTP has?been?put?into?operation?since?2014.?By?the?8th?anniversary?of?the?operation?of?the?MRSWTP?on?December?12, 2022,?the?cumulative?water?inflow?from?the?head?of?the?Taocha?Canal?has?exceeded?53?billion?m 3,?with?a?direct beneficiary?population?of?more?than?85?million?people.?Thus,?the?completion?and?operation?of?the?Middle?Route?of South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?(MRSWTP)?have?significantly?improved?the?water?resources?conditions?and water?supply?guarantee?degree?of?the?cities?in?the?water?receiving?area?of?the?middle?route,?and?achieved?great?social and?economic?benefits.?In?the?face?of?the?needs?of?the?national?development?strategy?in?the?new?era,?the?supply?and demand ?sides ?of ?the ?water ?resources ?allocation ?of ?the ?MRSWTP ?have ?changed. ?On ?the ?one ?hand, ?with ?the coordinated?development?of?Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei?and?the?construction?of?Xiong'an?New?Area,?the?water?supply objects?and?scope?of?the?MRSWTP?have?been?expanded?and?adjusted,?and?the?water?transferred?from?the?MRSWTP has?become?the?main?water?source?of?large?and?medium-sized?urban?areas?along?the?Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei?line.?The current?change?of?water?supply?situation?puts?forward?new?water?transfer?requirements?for?the?MRSWTP?in?terms?of water?quantity?and?water?supply?guarantee.?On?the?other?hand,?the?inter-annual?variation?of?the?incoming?water?from the?Hanjiang?River?basin?is?large,?which?has?affected?the?water?supply?guarantee?of?the?Danjiangkou?Reservoir.?With the?commencement?of?the?construction?of?the?water?diversion?project?from?Three?Gorges?Reservoir?to?Hanjiang River?(WDP-TH),?it?is?very?necessary?to?carry?out?the?research?on?the?joint?operation?mode?of?the?Danjiangkou Reservoir?and?the?WDP-TH. ??????Based ?on ?the ?design ?parameters ?of ?the ?WDP-TH, ?the ?adjustable ?water ?volume ?of ?the ?MRSWTP ?after ?the implementation?of?the?WDP-TH?is?analyzed?and?four?research?schemes?are?put?forward?as?follows:?(1)?Scheme?1, the?current?water?supply?operating?scenario?of?the?Danjiangkou?Reservoir,?which?is?the?benchmark?scheme;?(2) Scheme?2,?the?WDP-TH?starts?to?transfer?water?when?the?reservoir?release?can?not?satisfy?the?minimum?discharge flow?requirements?of?the?downstream?section;?(3)?Scheme?3,?the?water?transfer?control?line?of?the?WDP-TH?is?added in ?the ?water ?supply ?operating ?curves ?of ?the ?Danjiangkou ?Reservoir, ?and ?water ?transfers ?rules ?of ?Taocha ?are optimized?synchronously;?and?(4)?Scheme?4,?the?WDP-TH?continuously?transfers?water?to?the?middle?and?lower reaches?of?the?Hanjiang?River?throughout?the?year,?and?the?transfers?flow?of?the?Taocha?is?420?m3/s. ??????The?results?show?that?the?effective?connection?between?the?water?supply?of?Danjiangkou?Reservoir?and?the?water supply?decision?of?the?water?transfers?project?can?be?realized?by?two?schemes,?i.e.,?Scheme?3?and?Scheme?4,?both?of which?can?effectively?use?the?water?transfers?of?the?WDP-TH?to?increase?the?available?water?supply?volume?of?the MRSWTP?(the?increment?is?1.77?billion?m3?to?2.58?billion?m3.)?and?reduce?the?reservoir?waste?water?(the?decrease?is 10.5?billion?m3?to?14.8?billion?m3)?on?the?premise?of?ensuring?the?water?demand?of?the?middle?and?lower?reaches?of the?Hanjiang?River. ??????This?research?can?provide?technical?support?for?the?adjustment?of?the?water?transfer?mode?of?the?MRSWTP?after the?completion?of?the?WDP-TH?in?the?future,?and?realize?effective?connection?between?the?above?two?projects.
2023(4):800-809.
Abstract:
The?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?has?become?the?water?supply?lifeline?of?cities?along?the project?and?plays?an?important?supporting?role?in?their?economic?and?social?development?and?eco-environment protection.?As?several?water?pollution?controls?and?soil?and?water?conservation?plans?have?taken?effect,?non-point source?pollution?is?becoming?the?main?factor?affecting?the?water?quality?To?ensure?continuous?water?supply,?it?is?of great?significance?for?water?quality?protection?to?analyze?the?evolution?characteristics?of?non-point?source?pollution in?the?water?source?area?of?the?middle?route?project. ??????The?inventory?analysis?method?is?used?to?calculate?non-point?source?pollution?load?in?the?water?source?area. Three-level?structure?including?category,?unit,?and?index?was?used?to?analyze?the?main?agricultural?non-point?source pollution?sources.?The?calculation?formulas?of?non-point?source?pollution?load?in?the?water?source?area?were?formed using?pollution?coefficients.?The?non-point?source?pollution?loads?of?TN?and?TP?from?2010?to?2019?of?regions?in water?source?areas?were?calculated,?and?the?spatial?and?temporal?evolution?characteristics?of?the?non-point?source pollution?load?of?regions?in?water?source?areas?were?analyzed?with?ArcGIS. ??????From?2010?to?2019,?the?overall?trends?of?TN?and?TP?load?of?non-point?source?pollution?in?the?middle?route increased?first?and?then?decreased.?The?pollution?intensities?of?TN?and?TP?also?increased?first?and?then?decreased. The?trends?of?structural?characteristics?of?TN?and?TP?of?non-point?source?pollution?in?water?source?were?the?same. Chemical?fertilizer,?livestock?and?poultry?breeding,?and?rural?life?were?the?main?source?of?non-point?source?pollution TN?and?TP?in?water?source.?Chemical?fertilizer?accounted?for?the?largest?proportion?and?its?proportion?showed?a slowly?increasing?trend,?the?proportion?of?livestock?and?poultry?breeding?kept?declining,?and?the?proportion?of?rural life?was?increasing. ??????The ?control ?activities ?of ?non-point ?source ?pollution ?of ?water ?source ?areas ?in ?the ?middle ?route ?should ?be continuous.?Rural?household?should?be?guided?and?encouraged?to?use?environmental?friendly?organic?fertilizers. Other ?activities ?also ?need ?to ?be ?carried ?out, ?such ?as ?improving ?rural ?infrastructures, ?establishing ?a ?system ?for collecting,?transporting,?and?disposing?of?rural?household?waste,?and?promoting?the?utilization?of?rural?household waste?as?resources.
The?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?has?become?the?water?supply?lifeline?of?cities?along?the project?and?plays?an?important?supporting?role?in?their?economic?and?social?development?and?eco-environment protection.?As?several?water?pollution?controls?and?soil?and?water?conservation?plans?have?taken?effect,?non-point source?pollution?is?becoming?the?main?factor?affecting?the?water?quality?To?ensure?continuous?water?supply,?it?is?of great?significance?for?water?quality?protection?to?analyze?the?evolution?characteristics?of?non-point?source?pollution in?the?water?source?area?of?the?middle?route?project. ??????The?inventory?analysis?method?is?used?to?calculate?non-point?source?pollution?load?in?the?water?source?area. Three-level?structure?including?category,?unit,?and?index?was?used?to?analyze?the?main?agricultural?non-point?source pollution?sources.?The?calculation?formulas?of?non-point?source?pollution?load?in?the?water?source?area?were?formed using?pollution?coefficients.?The?non-point?source?pollution?loads?of?TN?and?TP?from?2010?to?2019?of?regions?in water?source?areas?were?calculated,?and?the?spatial?and?temporal?evolution?characteristics?of?the?non-point?source pollution?load?of?regions?in?water?source?areas?were?analyzed?with?ArcGIS. ??????From?2010?to?2019,?the?overall?trends?of?TN?and?TP?load?of?non-point?source?pollution?in?the?middle?route increased?first?and?then?decreased.?The?pollution?intensities?of?TN?and?TP?also?increased?first?and?then?decreased. The?trends?of?structural?characteristics?of?TN?and?TP?of?non-point?source?pollution?in?water?source?were?the?same. Chemical?fertilizer,?livestock?and?poultry?breeding,?and?rural?life?were?the?main?source?of?non-point?source?pollution TN?and?TP?in?water?source.?Chemical?fertilizer?accounted?for?the?largest?proportion?and?its?proportion?showed?a slowly?increasing?trend,?the?proportion?of?livestock?and?poultry?breeding?kept?declining,?and?the?proportion?of?rural life?was?increasing. ??????The ?control ?activities ?of ?non-point ?source ?pollution ?of ?water ?source ?areas ?in ?the ?middle ?route ?should ?be continuous.?Rural?household?should?be?guided?and?encouraged?to?use?environmental?friendly?organic?fertilizers. Other ?activities ?also ?need ?to ?be ?carried ?out, ?such ?as ?improving ?rural ?infrastructures, ?establishing ?a ?system ?for collecting,?transporting,?and?disposing?of?rural?household?waste,?and?promoting?the?utilization?of?rural?household waste?as?resources.
2023(4):810-820.
Abstract:
The?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice?has?the?advantages?of?compact?layout?and?small?land occupation,?and?it?is?widely?used?in?water?conservancy?projects.?For?the?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel sluice,?the?flow?direction?of?the?water?flows?into?the?forebay?has?a?certain?angle?with?the?longitudinal?center?line?of the?forebay?when?the?pumping?station?is?working,?so?that?deviation?and?backflow?is?prone?to?appear?in?the?forebay?of pumping?station,?the?flow?pattern?at?the?inlet?of?the?inlet?conduit?will?be?deteriorated,?and?a?suction?vortex?belt?will be?generated?in?severe?cases.?The?safe?and?stable?operation?of?the?pump?unit?will?be?affected?when?the?suction?vortex belt?enters?the?pump.?In?order?to?study?on?the?improvement?of?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?when?the?pumping?station?of?the?project?is arranged?in?parallel?with?the?sluice?station,?taking?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?in?the?Eastern?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?as?an?example,?the?numerical?simulation?study?on?the?flow?pattern?in?forebay?of?the project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice?was?carried?out?based?on?the?Navier-Stokes?equations?and?the?RNG ?turbulence?model.?Aiming?at?the?flow?field?problems?in?the?forebay,?the?improvement?measures?of?moving?the cleaning?machine?bridge?to?the?pump?house?and?shortening?the?length?of?the?diversion?wall?between?the?sluice?and the?pumping?station?were?proposed,?and?the?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?under?different?schemes?was?analyzed?based on ?the ?numerical ?calculation ?results, ?the ?uniformity ?and ?average ?angle ?of ?the ?cross-sectional ?flow ?velocity distribution ?after ?the ?inlet ?of ?the ?inlet ?conduit ?of ?each ?pump ?unit ?were ?compared, ?and ?finally ?the ?numerical calculation?results?were?verified?by?the?method?of?hydraulic?overall?model?test. ??????The?research?results?show?that?there?was?a?reflux?vortex?area?in?the?original?forebay?before?the?inlets?of?inlet conduits?of?No.?4?and?No.?5?pump?units?of?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?in?the?Eastern?Route?of?the?South-to-North Water?Transfers?Project,?and?a?harmful?suction?vortex?was?generated?before?the?inlet?of?inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump unit.?In?the?improvement?scheme?of?forebay,?the?cleaning?machine?bridge?was?moved?by?25?m?to?the?pump?house?as a?whole,?and?the?length?of?the?diversion?wall?between?the?sluice?and?the?pumping?station?was?shortened?so?that?its head?was?level?with?the?pier?of?cleaning?machine?bridge.?The?range?of?the?swirl?flow?in?the?forebay?was?effectively compressed?and?the?intensity?of?the?swirl?flow?was?weakened.?Not?only?the?harmful?suction?vortex?at?the?inlet?of?the inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump?unit?was?eliminated,?but?also?the?uniformity?of?the?flow?velocity?distribution?at?the?inlet of?the?inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump?unit?was?increased?by?2.5%?on?average,?and?the?inlet?flow?pattern?of?the?pump station?was?significantly?improved.?The?on-site?operation?of?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?over?the?years?shows?that there?is?no?bad?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?under?the?conditions?of?different?start-up?combinations,?and?the?pumps operates?steadily. ??????The?position?of?the?suction?vortex?before?the?inlet?of?the?inlet?conduit?is?accurately?predicted?by?the?method?of numerical?simulation?of?the?forebay?flow?field?in?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice,?and?the?numerical calculation?results?are?basically?consistent?with?the?model?test?results?and?field?observation?results.?The?problem?of the?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?is?solved?by?adjusting?the?position?of?the?pier?of?the?cleaning?machine?bridge?of?the pumping?station?without?adding?measures?such?as?bottom?sill,?column?and?diversion?pier.?The?research?results?can provide?reference?for?the?same?type?of?engineering?research.
The?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice?has?the?advantages?of?compact?layout?and?small?land occupation,?and?it?is?widely?used?in?water?conservancy?projects.?For?the?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel sluice,?the?flow?direction?of?the?water?flows?into?the?forebay?has?a?certain?angle?with?the?longitudinal?center?line?of the?forebay?when?the?pumping?station?is?working,?so?that?deviation?and?backflow?is?prone?to?appear?in?the?forebay?of pumping?station,?the?flow?pattern?at?the?inlet?of?the?inlet?conduit?will?be?deteriorated,?and?a?suction?vortex?belt?will be?generated?in?severe?cases.?The?safe?and?stable?operation?of?the?pump?unit?will?be?affected?when?the?suction?vortex belt?enters?the?pump.?In?order?to?study?on?the?improvement?of?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?when?the?pumping?station?of?the?project?is arranged?in?parallel?with?the?sluice?station,?taking?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?in?the?Eastern?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water?Transfers?Project?as?an?example,?the?numerical?simulation?study?on?the?flow?pattern?in?forebay?of?the project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice?was?carried?out?based?on?the?Navier-Stokes?equations?and?the?RNG ?turbulence?model.?Aiming?at?the?flow?field?problems?in?the?forebay,?the?improvement?measures?of?moving?the cleaning?machine?bridge?to?the?pump?house?and?shortening?the?length?of?the?diversion?wall?between?the?sluice?and the?pumping?station?were?proposed,?and?the?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?under?different?schemes?was?analyzed?based on ?the ?numerical ?calculation ?results, ?the ?uniformity ?and ?average ?angle ?of ?the ?cross-sectional ?flow ?velocity distribution ?after ?the ?inlet ?of ?the ?inlet ?conduit ?of ?each ?pump ?unit ?were ?compared, ?and ?finally ?the ?numerical calculation?results?were?verified?by?the?method?of?hydraulic?overall?model?test. ??????The?research?results?show?that?there?was?a?reflux?vortex?area?in?the?original?forebay?before?the?inlets?of?inlet conduits?of?No.?4?and?No.?5?pump?units?of?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?in?the?Eastern?Route?of?the?South-to-North Water?Transfers?Project,?and?a?harmful?suction?vortex?was?generated?before?the?inlet?of?inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump unit.?In?the?improvement?scheme?of?forebay,?the?cleaning?machine?bridge?was?moved?by?25?m?to?the?pump?house?as a?whole,?and?the?length?of?the?diversion?wall?between?the?sluice?and?the?pumping?station?was?shortened?so?that?its head?was?level?with?the?pier?of?cleaning?machine?bridge.?The?range?of?the?swirl?flow?in?the?forebay?was?effectively compressed?and?the?intensity?of?the?swirl?flow?was?weakened.?Not?only?the?harmful?suction?vortex?at?the?inlet?of?the inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump?unit?was?eliminated,?but?also?the?uniformity?of?the?flow?velocity?distribution?at?the?inlet of?the?inlet?conduit?of?No.?4?pump?unit?was?increased?by?2.5%?on?average,?and?the?inlet?flow?pattern?of?the?pump station?was?significantly?improved.?The?on-site?operation?of?the?Liushan?Pumping?Station?over?the?years?shows?that there?is?no?bad?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?under?the?conditions?of?different?start-up?combinations,?and?the?pumps operates?steadily. ??????The?position?of?the?suction?vortex?before?the?inlet?of?the?inlet?conduit?is?accurately?predicted?by?the?method?of numerical?simulation?of?the?forebay?flow?field?in?project?of?pumping?station?with?parallel?sluice,?and?the?numerical calculation?results?are?basically?consistent?with?the?model?test?results?and?field?observation?results.?The?problem?of the?flow?pattern?in?the?forebay?is?solved?by?adjusting?the?position?of?the?pier?of?the?cleaning?machine?bridge?of?the pumping?station?without?adding?measures?such?as?bottom?sill,?column?and?diversion?pier.?The?research?results?can provide?reference?for?the?same?type?of?engineering?research.
2023(4):821-832.
Abstract:
The?open?channel?water?transfer?project?is?an?important?means?to?solve?the?problem?of?regional?water shortage.?However,?during?the?operation?of?the?project,?the?upstream?flow?changed?frequently?due?to?the?variable demand?for?water?supply?along?the?line,?resulting?in?complex?and?changeable?water?conditions?along?the?line.?The control?gate?is?one?of?the?main?control?buildings?in?the?water?transfer?project?and?the?water?level?in?front?of?the?gate is?the?key?object?of?that?needs?the?dispatcher?to?pay?attention?to.?If?the?regulation?is?not?proper,?the?water?level?may exceed?the?limit,?which?not?only?poses?a?threat?to?the?safe?operation?of?the?water?transfer?project?but?also?affects?the efficient?water?supply?of?the?project.?Therefore,?it?is?of?great?significance?to?study?the?safety?regulation?of?control gates?in?open?channel?water?transfer?project. ??????To?solve?the?problem?that?the?water?level?in?front?of?the?gate?breaks?and?the?upper?and?lower?limits?of?the?water level?due?to?improper?regulation?during?flow?switching?in?an?open?channel?water?transfer?project,?the?concept?and transfer?principle?of?the?feasible?area?of?safety?regulation?and?control?of?the?gate?control?system?in?open?channel water?transfer?project?is?proposed.?The?control?scheme?of?the?control?gate?is?calculated?based?on?the?dichotomy- coupled ?one-dimensional ?hydrodynamic ?model. ?The ?regulation ?opening, ?safe ?water ?level, ?and ?regulation ?time interval ?of ?the ?control ?gate ?are ?calculated ?during ?flow ?switching. ?The ?model ?can ?quickly ?calculate ?the ?control opening,?safe?water?level,?and?control?time?interval?of?the?control?gate?when?the?upstream?flow?is?switched,?and?the feasible?domain?and?control?scheme?of?the?control?gate?was?obtained. ??????Four?control?gates?from?the?first?Taocha?Canal?to?the?Qi?River?in?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water Transfers?Project?were?studied,?and?12?working?conditions?were?set?respectively?for?calculation.?The?results?showed that?when?the?upstream?flow?changes,?the?interval?regulation?scheme?calculated?by?the?model?could?strictly?control the?water?level?within?the?safety?water?level?interval,?and?the?transfer?principle?of?the?safety?water?level?interval played?a?role?in?reducing?the?amplitude?of?the?water?level.?The?calculation?speed?of?the?model?was?fast.?CUP_TIME function?in?Fortran?was?called?to?test?each?working?condition,?and?the?maximum?calculation?time?was?8.99?s. ??????The?control?scheme?calculated?by?the?model?makes?the?scheduling?more?flexible?and?practical?and?can?reduce?the operation?error?of?the?scheduler.?The?calculation?speed?of?the?model?can?meet?the?regulation?demand?of?sudden change?of?flow?in?the?middle?and?upper?reaches?of?the?project.?In?the?project,?upstream?flow?monitoring?can?be?used to?judge?flow?changes.?By?calculating?the?scheduling?scheme?of?each?control?gate,?the?effect?of?multi-gate?cascades can?be?realized.?It?provides?support?for?the?dispatching?decision?of?the?water?transfer?project?and?has?important significance?for?maintaining?the?smooth?operation?of?the?water?transfer?project.
The?open?channel?water?transfer?project?is?an?important?means?to?solve?the?problem?of?regional?water shortage.?However,?during?the?operation?of?the?project,?the?upstream?flow?changed?frequently?due?to?the?variable demand?for?water?supply?along?the?line,?resulting?in?complex?and?changeable?water?conditions?along?the?line.?The control?gate?is?one?of?the?main?control?buildings?in?the?water?transfer?project?and?the?water?level?in?front?of?the?gate is?the?key?object?of?that?needs?the?dispatcher?to?pay?attention?to.?If?the?regulation?is?not?proper,?the?water?level?may exceed?the?limit,?which?not?only?poses?a?threat?to?the?safe?operation?of?the?water?transfer?project?but?also?affects?the efficient?water?supply?of?the?project.?Therefore,?it?is?of?great?significance?to?study?the?safety?regulation?of?control gates?in?open?channel?water?transfer?project. ??????To?solve?the?problem?that?the?water?level?in?front?of?the?gate?breaks?and?the?upper?and?lower?limits?of?the?water level?due?to?improper?regulation?during?flow?switching?in?an?open?channel?water?transfer?project,?the?concept?and transfer?principle?of?the?feasible?area?of?safety?regulation?and?control?of?the?gate?control?system?in?open?channel water?transfer?project?is?proposed.?The?control?scheme?of?the?control?gate?is?calculated?based?on?the?dichotomy- coupled ?one-dimensional ?hydrodynamic ?model. ?The ?regulation ?opening, ?safe ?water ?level, ?and ?regulation ?time interval ?of ?the ?control ?gate ?are ?calculated ?during ?flow ?switching. ?The ?model ?can ?quickly ?calculate ?the ?control opening,?safe?water?level,?and?control?time?interval?of?the?control?gate?when?the?upstream?flow?is?switched,?and?the feasible?domain?and?control?scheme?of?the?control?gate?was?obtained. ??????Four?control?gates?from?the?first?Taocha?Canal?to?the?Qi?River?in?the?Middle?Route?of?the?South-to-North?Water Transfers?Project?were?studied,?and?12?working?conditions?were?set?respectively?for?calculation.?The?results?showed that?when?the?upstream?flow?changes,?the?interval?regulation?scheme?calculated?by?the?model?could?strictly?control the?water?level?within?the?safety?water?level?interval,?and?the?transfer?principle?of?the?safety?water?level?interval played?a?role?in?reducing?the?amplitude?of?the?water?level.?The?calculation?speed?of?the?model?was?fast.?CUP_TIME function?in?Fortran?was?called?to?test?each?working?condition,?and?the?maximum?calculation?time?was?8.99?s. ??????The?control?scheme?calculated?by?the?model?makes?the?scheduling?more?flexible?and?practical?and?can?reduce?the operation?error?of?the?scheduler.?The?calculation?speed?of?the?model?can?meet?the?regulation?demand?of?sudden change?of?flow?in?the?middle?and?upper?reaches?of?the?project.?In?the?project,?upstream?flow?monitoring?can?be?used to?judge?flow?changes.?By?calculating?the?scheduling?scheme?of?each?control?gate,?the?effect?of?multi-gate?cascades can?be?realized.?It?provides?support?for?the?dispatching?decision?of?the?water?transfer?project?and?has?important significance?for?maintaining?the?smooth?operation?of?the?water?transfer?project.
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